Fig. 2: Comparisons of vial positioning detection performance.

a Definitions and types of success and failure cases. Failure vial positioning involves four statuses of fall-out, lie-down, lean-in, and stand-on. b Detection performance of the DenseSSD, YOLOv6, SSD, DETR, and YOLOv3 models. AP, FLOPS, and total number of parameters of three models were compared. For AP evaluation, the threshold of 0.5 for the intersection over union (IoU) was used. c PR curves of the YOLOv3, DETR, SSD, YOLOv6 and DenseSSD models. d Exemplary detection results of YOLOv3, DETR, SSD, YOLOv6 and DenseSSD, achieved for two scenes. One scene contains eight vials including six success cases and two failure cases with the fall-out and lie-down statuses, while the other one contains four vials including two success cases and two failure cases with the lean-in and stand-on statuses. The failure vial cases are highlighted in yellow dotted lines for clarity.