Fig. 4: Applications of the MF Pressure Sensor.

a Signal Generation Module. b Signal Processing System. c Microcontroller Unit (MCU). d Data Transmission and Prediction. e Design of Multi-channel and Single-channel Circuit Boards. f The circuit board is paired with a smartphone displaying real-time data labeled ‘MF sensor’ and the customer-made flexible printed circuit board (FPCB) records the signal. g Actual appearance of the MXene-based flexible sensor, with the electrode of 13.52 mm × 12.99 mm. h, i The sensor is attached to the knee and the elbow joints, testing current signal variations at different bending angles. j, k The sensor attached to the wrist tests signal variations at multiple bending angles. l By attaching the sensor to the finger and monitoring the change in the electrical signal generated when it presses the mouse. m Conceptual diagram of the sensor arranged on the palm, a 4 × 4 sensor array, and a pressure sensor on the fingertips to design for monitoring gripping actions. n, o, p Grip the cups in different sizes (n in small, o in medium, p in large); the data shows a curve. q, r, s Represent the 4 × 4 pressure distribution when gripping small, medium, and large cups, respectively, showcasing the sensor array’s precision in capturing pressure distribution patterns across different gripping conditions.