Fig. 5: Integrated Evaluation of Wearable Sensor-Based Blood Pressure Monitoring. | npj Flexible Electronics

Fig. 5: Integrated Evaluation of Wearable Sensor-Based Blood Pressure Monitoring.

From: Flexible and sensitive pressure sensor with enhanced breathability for advanced wearable health monitoring

Fig. 5

a BP measurement validation with MF sensor near the radial artery, compared to a commercial blood pressure monitor. b Arterial stiffness progression from healthy (I) to advanced stages (IV). c Physical configuration of the multifunctional sensor, emphasizing flexibility for human body compatibility. d Android app data interface displaying sensor signals for an intuitive performance overview. e, f Pulse signal measurement on the wrist, with pulse rate at 90/min and extracted parameters: PTT, RWTT, UT, P-wave, T-wave, and D-wave. g Subplots comparing predicted and actual BP values (SBP, DBP, MAP) with optimization adjustments. h Violin plot showing the distribution of predicted (blue) and reference (pink) BP values for SBP, DBP, and MAP. i SBP R² value of 0.983, indicating high prediction accuracy. j DBP R² value of 0.847, indicating moderate correlation and good prediction performance. k MAP R² value of 0.909, showing strong predictive performance. l SBP Bland-Altman plot: mean error of 0.20 mmHg, SD of 1.77 mmHg, consistency limit ± 1.96 SD. m DBP Bland-Altman plot: mean error of 0.82 mmHg, SD of 2.72 mmHg, consistency limit ± 1.96 SD. n MAP Bland-Altman plot: mean error of 0.40 mmHg, SD of 3.99 mmHg.

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