Fig. 5: Sweat detection system and on-body test.

a The subject wore the sweat detection system while performing cycling exercise. b Optical image of the sweat detection system, which comprises a microfluidic and an electrical conductivity signal processing module. c Schematic diagram of the conductivity signal detection and transmission module. d Mobile terminal interface display. e The process of sweat flow into microfluidic channels during exercise. f Performance comparison of sweat rate monitoring in PVA@PU MH-embedded versus empty microfluidic systems. g The relationship between the detected local sweat rate and whole-body average sweat rate for male subjects.