Fig. 10: EPMA cross-sectional morphology and the corresponding element distribution of the scale formed on the wrought sample.

a The EPMA cross-sectional morphology of the wrought sample. b O element distribution of the scale formed on the wrought sample. c Cr element distribution of the scale formed on the wrought sample. d Ni element distribution of the scale formed on the wrought sample. e Fe element distribution of the scale formed on the wrought sample. f Mn element distribution of the scale formed on the wrought sample.