Fig. 2: SEM images of biofilms formed on the surface of CuNi and Ti metal coupons after 16-week exposure to natural seawater.

Images from the top row (A–D) represent CuNi metal coupons with biofilms at different magnifications. Images from the bottom row (E, F) represent Ti metal coupons with biofilms at different magnifications. The yellow, red, and black arrows in image (D) indicate rod-shaped bacteria, cocci-shaped bacteria, and EPS, respectively. White arrow marks in the images (G, H) represent filamentous bacteria or fungal hyphae-like structures.