Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of PD patients stratified by H&Y stage, RBD cases, and controls

From: The profile of gastrointestinal dysfunction in prodromal to late-stage Parkinson’s disease

 

Controls (n = 105)

RBD (n = 37)

PD H&Y = 1 (n = 77)

PD H&Y = 2 (n = 234)

PD H&Y = 3 (n = 57)

PD H&Y = 4+ (n = 36)

p value

Age at visit (years)

68.5 ± 8.1

(46–86)

70.2 ± 6.7

(51–82)

62.9 ± 9.9

(40–85)

67.7 ± 8.7

(36–86)

71.8 ± 8.0

(49–83)

76.5 ± 6.8

(59–89)

0. a < 

0.001b*

Sex (% males)

50.5%

94.6%

66.2%

69.2%

61.4%

50.0%

<0.001a*

0.126 b

Education (years)

13.9 ± 3.2

(10–21)

13.4 ± 2.9

(10–20)

14.4 ± 3.5

(6–23)

13.7 ± 3.0

(9–23)

12.7 ± 2.6

(10–18)

13.1 ± 

3.1

(10–22)

0.665a

0.007b*

Time from RBD/PD diagnosis (years)

–

5.6 ± 2.8

(1–12)

1.5 ± 2.3

(0–12)

3.0 ± 3.2

(0–12)

6.1 ± 5.4

(0–21)

11.5 ± 4.7

(2–21)

<0.001b*

Positive RBD history prior to PD diagnosis

–

–

22.6%

40.6%

35.7%

33.3%

0.146b

MDS-UPDRS total score

–

–

31.5 ± 10.8

(7–62)

52.7 ± 16.9

(19–134)

80.2 ± 19.3

(39–127)

108.4 ± 19.4

(77–170)

<0.001b*

MDS-UPDRS part I

–

8.5 ± 5.4

(0–25)

7.6 ± 4.2

(0–19)

9.6 ± 5.2

(0–30)

13.4 ± 5.9

(4–28)

15.9 ± 6.8

(3–36)

0.077a

<0.001b*

MDS-UPDRS II

–

2.8 ± 3.2

(0–12)

5.7 ± 3.6

(0–16)

10.2 ± 5.2

(1–32)

18.2 ± 9.4

(0–60)

28.3 ± 6.9

(16–42)

<0.001a

<0.001b*

MDS-UPDRS part III

–

7.8 ± 4.3

(0–18)

17.8 ± 6.9

(5–38)

31.7 ± 10.5

(10–62)

46.0 ± 12.6

(19–75)

59.4 ± 13.1

(34–91)

<0.001a*

<0.001b*

MDS-UPDRS part IV

–

–

0.5 ± 1.2

(0–5)

1.5 ± 2.6

(0–13)

3.3 ± 4.1

(0–17)

5.0 ± 4.4

(0–18)

<0.001b*

MoCA total score

–

26.1 ± 2.1

(22–30)

26.5 ± 2.4

(20–30)

26.0 ± 2.7

(19–30)

25.0 ± 2.7

(20–30)

24.8 ± 2.8

(19–29)

0.921a

0.002b*

LEDD (mg)

–

1.1 ± 6.6

(0–40)

276.9 ± 198.3

(0–994)

397.7 ± 316.9

(0–1857)

641.4 ± 444.7

(0–2195)

1102.9 ± 540.8

(300–2980)

<0.001a*

<0.001b*

Anticholinergic drugs (%)

–

10.8%

13.0%

11.6%

31.6%

41.7%

0.219a

<0.001b*

Opiate-based drugs (%)

–

0%

6.5%

3.0%

3.6%

22.2%

0.145a

<0.001b*

Diet (Vegetarian, %)

1.9%

10.8%

6.5%

4.3%

7.0%

2.9%

0.088a

0.295b

GIDS-PD Water intake

(Less than 1 glass a day, %)

20.0%

21.6%

14.3%

15.8%

15.8%

8.3%

0.81a

0.696b

GIDS-PD Exercise

(Less than once a week, %)

24.8%

32.5%

18.2%

29.6%

47.4%

58.3%

0.295a

<0.001b*

GIDS-PD Smoking

(% current smokers)

61.9%

48.6%

58.4%

58.4%

57.9%

52.8%

0.333a

0.937b

GIDS-PD Caffeine intake

(less 1 cup/day)

7.6%

8.1%

20.8%

18.0%

14.0%

38.9%

0.004a*

0.019b*

GIDS-PD Laxative use

(% daily laxative use)

7.6%

5.4%

5.3%

15.0%

29.6%

25.0%

<0.001a*

<0.001b*

Constipation diagnosis

(self-reported)

5.7%

21.6%

7.8%

17.1%

31.6%

50.0%

0.002 a*

<0.001b*

IBS diagnosis

(self-reported)

9.5%

2.7%

13.0%

5.6%

7.0%

8.3%

0.397a

0.194b

GORD diagnosis

(self-reported)

19.0%

27.0%

13.0%

13.7%

24.6%

27.8%

0.239 a

0.044b*

Colon/Bowel Cancer

(self-reported)

1.9%

0%

0%

0.4%

1.8%

0%

0.277

0.490b

  1. Significance threshold is p < 0.05 and illustrated by *. Values shown as mean ± SD (range).
  2. GIDS-PD Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Scale for Parkinson’s disease, MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, RBD REM Sleep Behaviour Diagnosis, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, IBS Irritable Bowel Syndrome, GORD Gastroesophageal reflux disease.
  3. aComparisons between control, iRBD and PD groups.
  4. bComparisons between PD stages H&Y1 through 4+.
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