Table 1 Demographic data, clinical characteristics and MR assessments of PD patients and healthy controls

From: GABA outperforms iron and neuromelanin in detecting nigrostriatal alterations in early-stage Parkinson’s disease with RBD

 

HC(n = 36)

PD-nRBD(n = 33)

PD-RBD(n = 22)

P value

Sex, Female (%)

22 (61.1)

16 (48.5)

7 (31.8)

0.095

Disease duration (years)

NA

3.56 ± 3.22

3.95 ± 2.85

0.571

Age, mean (range)

61.17 (47-78)

59.82 (42 -73)

63.27 (54-73)

0.247

Age at onset (years)

NA

56.27 ± 7.78

59.32 ± 6.51

0.136

LEDD (mg)

NA

284.39 ± 201.83

262.45 ± 241.16

0.513

Dominant body side, right (%)

NA

23 (69.7)

16 (72.7)

0.808

MDS-UPDRS-I

NA

6.27 ± 4.24

8.82 ± 4.39

0.039★

MDS-UPDRS-II

NA

8.27 ± 4.29

9.68 ± 4.29

0.238

MDS-UPDRS-III

NA

23.33 ± 9.94

28.45 ± 13.20

0.107

Rigidity

NA

5.00 ± 3.05

6.09 ± 3.24

0.217

Bradykinesia

NA

9.21 ± 5.15

10.00 ± 6.47

0.618

Tremor

NA

3.00 ± 2.86

4.95 ± 4.26

0.088

Motor subtypes (TD/PIGD/indeterminate)

NA

21/9/3

15/5/2

0.928

MDS-UPDRS-IV

NA

2.64 ± 2.94

2.91 ± 3.56

0.950

Hoehn-Yahr stage

NA

1.70 ± 0.45

1.86 ± 0.36

0.223

MoCA

NA

22.64 ± 4.94

21.82 ± 4.61

0.408

RBDQ-HK

NA

7.00 ± 5.44

32.55 ± 12.19

0.000★

PDSS

NA

128.64 ± 17.54

123.64 ± 15.81

0.110

PDQ-39

NA

18.06 ± 15.09

19.59 ± 12.49

0.434

HAMD-17

NA

6.85 ± 5.03

8.71 ± 5.28

0.255

MR spectroscopy

 Fraction GM within VOI

0.613 ± 0.041

0.606 ± 0.040

0.586 ± 0.057

0.098

 Fraction WM within VOI

0.311 ± 0.051

0.334 ± 0.048

0.320 ± 0.045

0.138

 FWHM (Hz)

12.009 ± 1.010

11.952 ± 0.911

11.757 ± 1.517

0.375

 Fitting error (%)

4.957 ± 1.658

4.889 ± 1.685

5.835 ± 2.722

0.361

 GABA + /water (i.u)

2.627 ± 0.471

2.970 ± 0.498

2.578 ± 0.363

0.005★ a, c

 Glx/water (i.u)

8.449 ± 1.598

8.399 ± 1.658

7.861 ± 1.446

0.614

NM-MRI

 CRNM-LSN

0.163 ± 0.012

0.147 ± 0.012

0.147 ± 0.010

0.000★★ a, b

 CRNM-RSN

0.166 ± 0.017

0.148 ± 0.016

0.155 ± 0.012

0.000★★a, b

QSM value (ppb)

 LSN

130.0 ± 22.9

150.1 ± 29.3

156.2 ± 36.0

0.006★a, b

 RSN

136.3 ± 24.3

154.8 ± 32.50

159.2 ± 40.5

0.034★a

  1. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
  2. HC healthy control, PD-nRBD Parkinson’s disease patients without Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder, PD-RBD Parkinson’s disease patients with Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dosage, MDS-UPDRS-I movement disorders Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part I, MDS-UPDRS-II movement disorders Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part II, MDS-UPDRS-III movement disorders Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III, MDS-UPDRS-IV movement disorders Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part IV, TD tremor dominant, PIGD postural instability/gait difficulty, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, RBDQ-HK rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder questionnaire -Hong Kong, PDSS Parkinson’s disease sleep scale, PDQ-39 The Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire, HAMD-17 Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, MR magnetic resonance, WM white matter, GM gray matter, VOI Volume of Interest, FWHM full-width at half-maximum, GABA γ-aminobutyric acid, Glx glutamate–glutamine, NM-MRI neuromelanin-MRI, CRNM-LSN contrast ratio of left substantia nigra, CRNM-RSN contrast ratio of left substantia nigra, QSM quantitative susceptibility mapping, LSN left substantia nigra, RSN right substantia nigra.
  3. ★, P < 0.05; ★★, P < 0.001.
  4. aSignificant difference between HC and PD-nRBD.
  5. bSignificant differences between HC and PD-RBD.
  6. cSignificant differences between PD-RBD and PD-nRBD.
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