Fig. 1: Overview of study design and analytical workflow.

a Summary of input data including sc-eQTL data from 14 immune cell types (OneK1K cohort) and GWAS summary statistics of PD. b Primary analyses including two-sample MR to infer causal associations, Bayesian colocalization to detect shared causal variants, and scRNA-seq of peripheral immunological features. c Follow-up analyses including PheWAS for pleiotropic effects, drug prediction from DSigDB, and molecular docking simulations.