Fig. 2: Operated patient characteristics and motor outcomes by nigrosome grading.

Violin plots illustrate baseline characteristics and postoperative motor outcomes in the Fully Abnormal group versus the Non-fully Abnormal surgical subgroup. Each violin displays the distribution of individual values, with boxplots indicating the median and interquartile range. The color gradient of individual data points reflects Nigrosome Grading (total score, range 2–8). Δ values indicate preoperative–postoperative score differences, with positive values representing clinical improvement. DBS deep brain stimulation; STN subthalamic nucleus, GPi globus pallidus internus, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, FOG freezing of gait, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose.