Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of matched patients in the diabetes progression cohort during the baseline year

From: Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD and onset of type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis: matched cohort study

 

LABD (n = 324)

ICS (n = 480)

P valuea

SMD (%)b

RCC (%)b

Male, n (%)

214 (66.0)

319 (66.5)

0.90

0.9

0.0

Age, mean (SD)

70.8 (8.1)

71.1 (7.5)

0.69

6.1

0.8

Index year, median (IQR)

2009 (2007–2011)

2008 (2006–2010)

0.0009

24.0

1.4

Smoking status, available data, n (%)

324 (100.0)

480 (100.0)

   

Current smoker

119 (36.7)

154 (32.1)

0.38

10.0

0.0

Ex-smoker

188 (58.0)

301 (62.7)

   

Never-smoker

17 (5.2)

25 (5.2)

   

Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD)

30.4 (5.7)

30.8 (6.4)

0.79

7.6

0.0

Last HbA1c, %, mean (SD)

6.9 (1.1)

6.9 (1.1)

0.79

2.5

0.1

Cardiovascular disease, n (%)

181 (55.9)

259 (54.0)

0.59

3.8

0.0

OCS prescriptions/yr, n (%)c

0

275 (84.9)

388 (80.8)

0.33

13.8

0.1

1

37 (11.4)

63 (13.1)

   

2

9 (2.8)

18 (3.8)

   

≥ 3

3 (0.9)

11 (2.3)

   

Antibiotic prescriptions/yr, n (%)d

0

191 (59.0)

276 (57.5)

0.72

8.3

0.8

1

86 (26.5)

120 (25.0)

   

2

30 (9.3)

53 (11.0)

   

≥ 3

17 (5.2)

31 (6.5)

   

FEV1 %predicted, data available

224 (69.1)

283 (59.0)

   

<30%

7 (3.1)

9 (3.2)

0.69

10.8

15.5

30–49%

49 (21.9)

72 (25.4)

   

50–79%

132 (58.9)

165 (58.3)

   

≥ 80%

36 (16.1)

37 (13.1)

   

Exacerbations/yr, n (%)d

0

175 (54.0)

245 (51.0)

0.48

8.8

2.3

1

95 (29.3)

139 (29.0)

   

≥ 2

54 (16.7)

96 (20.0)

   

MRC score available, n (%)

307 (94.8)

459 (95.6)

   

1

37 (12.1)

62 (13.5)

0.97

5.5

1.9

2

136 (44.3)

194 (42.3)

   

3

86 (28.0)

128 (27.9)

   

4

40 (13.0)

63 (13.7)

   

5

8 (2.6)

12 (2.6)

   

GOLD group data available, n (%)

307 (94.8)

459 (95.6)

   

GOLD A

118 (38.4)

169 (36.8)

0.83

6.9

1.7

GOLD B

85 (27.7)

120 (26.1)

   

GOLD C

55 (17.9)

87 (19.0)

   

GOLD D

49 (16.0)

83 (18.1)

   
  1. FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, GOLD Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, ICS inhaled corticosteroid, IQR interquartile range, LABD long-acting bronchodilator, MRC Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, OCS oral corticosteroid, RCC relative change in coefficient, SMD standardized mean difference, yr during the baseline year
  2. aP values shown using Kruskal–Wallis equality-of-populations rank test or Pearson's χ2-test of independent categories for continuous and categorical variables, respectively
  3. bAn SMD ≤ 10% indicates sufficient balance between groups. The baseline variables with RCC ≥ 2%, which we defined as indicating bias potential, were selected for the direct matching attempts
  4. c1 (0.3%) and 2 (0.4%) patients in LABD and ICS groups were receiving maintenance OCS (see Supplementary Table 5)
  5. dAntibiotics were those prescribed on the same day as a lower respiratory consultation (identified by a Read code for a lower respiratory event). Moderate-to-severe exacerbations are defined in Methods section
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