Table 3 Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR−) for lung cancer diagnosis in 12-month follow-up period after study questionnaire.
From: Predictive values of lung cancer alarm symptoms in the general population: a nationwide cohort study
N(%) | PPV | (95% CI) | LR+ | (95% CI) | NPV | (95% CI) | LR− | (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||||||
40–59 years | 9 (22.0%) | 0.0 | (0.0; 0.1) | 0.4 | (0.2; 0.7) | 99.8 | (99.7; 99.9) | 1.7 | (1.4; 2.0) |
60–74 years | 21 (51.2%) | 0.1 | (0.1; 0.2) | 1.4 | (1.0; 1.8) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.8 | (0.6; 1.1) |
75 years | 11 (26.8%) | 0.4 | (0.2; 0.6) | 3.2 | (1.9; 5.3) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.8 | (0.7; 1.0) |
Sex | |||||||||
Female | 20 (48.8%) | 0.1 | (0.1; 0.2) | 0.9 | (0.7;1.3) | 99.9 | (99.8; 99.9) | 1.1 | (0.8; 1.5) |
Male | 21 (51.2%) | 0.1 | (0.1; 0.2) | 1.1 | (0.8;1.5) | 99.9 | (99.8; 99.9) | 0.9 | (0.7; 1.3) |
Specific respiratory alarm symptoms | |||||||||
Cough (>4 weeks) | 6 (14.6%) | 0.2 | (0.1; 0.4) | 1.6 | (0.8; 3.4) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.9 | (0.8; 1.1) |
Dyspnoea | 7 (17.1%) | 0.2 | (0.1; 0.5) | 2.1 | (1.1; 4.1) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.9 | (0.8; 1.0) |
Hoarseness (>4 weeks) | 4 (9.8%) | 0.3 | (0.1; 0.7) | 2.6 | (1.0; 6.6) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.9 | (0.8; 1.0) |
Hemoptysis | ≤3a | ||||||||
At least one specific alarm symptom | 13 (31.7%) | 0.2 | (0.1; 0.4) | 1.9 | (1.2;3.0) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.8 | (0.7; 1.0) |
Number of respiratory alarm symptoms | |||||||||
0 | 28 (68.3%) | 0.1 | (0.1; 0.1) | 0.8 | (0.7; 1.0) | 99.8 | (99.6; 99.9) | 1.9 | (1.2; 3.0) |
1 | 8 (19.5%) | 0.2 | (0.1; 0.3) | 1.5 | (0.8; 2.8) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.9 | (0.8; 1.1) |
≥2 | 5 (12.2%) | 0.3 | (0.1; 0.8) | 3.2 | (1.4; 7.3) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.9 | (0.8; 1.0) |
Nonspecific alarm symptoms | |||||||||
Weight loss | ≤3a | ||||||||
Feeling unwell | 6 (14.6%) | 0.1 | (0.1; 0.3) | 1.3 | (0.6; 2.7) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 1.0 | (0.9; 1.1) |
Tiredness | 21 (51.2%) | 0.1 | (0.1; 0.2) | 1.2 | (0.9; 1.6) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.9 | (0.6; 1.2) |
Loss of appetite | 5 (12.2%) | 0.3 | (0.1; 0.6) | 2.5 | (1.1; 5.8) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.9 | (0.8; 1.0) |
Lack of energy | 13 (31.7%) | 0.1 | (0.1; 0.2) | 0.9 | (0.6; 1.5) | 99.9 | (99.8; 99.9) | 1.0 | (0.8; 1.3) |
Smoking status | |||||||||
Smoker, current | 15 (36.6%) | 0.2 | (0.1; 0.3) | 1.8 | (1.2; 2.7) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.8 | (0.6; 1.0) |
Smoker, current, heavy smoker | 9 (22.0%) | 0.3 | (0.1; 0.6) | 2.8 | (1.6; 5.0) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 0.8 | (0.7; 1.0) |
Smoker, current, light smoker | 6 (14.6%) | 0.1 | (0.1; 0.3) | 1.3 | (0.6; 2.7) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 1.0 | (0.9; 1.1) |
Not currently smoking or unknown | 26 (63.4%) | 0.1 | (0.1; 0.1) | 0.8 | (0.6; 1.0) | 99.8 | (99.7; 99.9) | 1.8 | (1.2; 2.7) |
At least one specific symptom and smoking | ≤3a | ||||||||
GP contact regarding at least one specific symptom | 4 (9.8%) | 0.1 | (0.0; 0.4) | 1.3 | (0.5; 3.4) | 99.9 | (99.9; 99.9) | 1.0 | (0.9; 1.1) |
GP contact regarding at least one specific symptom and current smoker | ≤3a | ||||||||
