Table 3 The characteristics of the study groups according to the baseline smoking status at 12-year follow-up visit.

From: Documentation of smoking in scheduled asthma contacts in primary health care: a 12-year follow-up study

 

Never smoker n = 79

Ex-smoker or current smoker n = 73

p-value

Male n (%)

16 (20.3)

40 (54.8)

<0.001

Age (years)

58.8 (13.9)

60.2 (12.3)

0.486

BMI (kg/m2)

27.8 (4.4)

29.2 (7.1)

0.123

Smoking status mentioned n (%)

23 (29.1)

34 (46.6)

0.030

 Mentioned ≥2 times

7 (8.9)

14 (19.2)

0.061

Pack-years mentioned n (%)

22 (27.8)

5 (6.8)

<0.001

Pack-years of smokers

–

17.0 (6.3–29.3)

–

Asthma control GINA 2010a n (%)

 Well controlled

39 (49.4)

15 (20.5)

 

 Partially controlled

19 (24.1)

33 (45.2)

<0.001

 Uncontrolled

21 (26.6)

25 (34.2)

 

ACT score

22 (19–24)

21 (19–23)

0.549

CAT score

10 (5–17)

13 (8–19)

0.041

Average daily prescribed ICS dose among 12 years (µg budesonide equivalents)

800 (507–934)

841 (696–1054)

0.019

Average daily dispensed ICS dose among 12 years (µg budesonide equivalents)

474 (319–788)

712 (386–898)

0.098

Total adherence in ICS medication during 12 years (%)

78.5 (46.4–100.5)

81.5 (47.4–93.7)

0.720

Add-on drug in daily use n (%)

44 (55.7)

41 (56.2)

>0.999

SABA puffs/week

1.6 (0.97–3.67)

2.4 (0.99–4.47)

0.247

Number of asthma or/and allergy medication in use

3 (2–3)

2 (2–3)

0.046

Pre-BD FEV1 (%)

91.9 (15.2)

82.4 (17.7)

<0.001

Post-BD FEV1/FVC

0.78 (0.71–0.82)

0.73 (0.68–0.79)

0.004

Annual change in lung function from Max0–2‚5 to follow-upb

 FEV1 (ml/year)

−32.6 (−54.2–19.7)

−52.5 (−66.2–25.9)

0.005

 FEV1 %/year

−0.26 (−0.80–0.39)

−0.70 (−1.18–0.09)

0.004

Co-existing COPD (Post FEV1/FVC < 0.7 and pack-year ≥10) n (%)

0

19 (26.4)

<0.001

Heavy alcohol consumption (evaluated by self-reports, GT-CDT index or by both) n (%)c

9 (11.4)

18 (25.0)

0.035

  1. If not otherwise mentioned shown are mean (SD) or median (25th–75th percentiles). Bold values indicates statistically significant p-values. Add-on drug = long-acting β2-agonist, leukotriene receptor antagonist, theophylline, and/or tiotropium in daily use.
  2. BMI Body Mass Index, ACT asthma control test, CAT COPD assessment test, ICS inhaled corticosteroid, SABA short-acting β2-agonist, BD bronchodilator, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, GT-CDT gammaglutamyltransferase-carbohydrate-deficient transferrin-index.
  3. aAssessment of asthma control was performed according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2010 report.
  4. bAnnual change in FEV1 during 12 years of follow-up (ΔFEV1 from point of maximal lung function within 2.5 years after start of therapy to the 12-year follow-up visit).
  5. cAssessment of alcohol consumption was performed according to the US definitions for alcohol consumption by portions/week. For men, heavy drinking is defined as consuming 14 portions or more per week. For women, heavy drinking is defined as consuming 7 portions or more per week. Portion indicates 14 g alcohol.
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