Table 1 Characteristics of distinct subgroups of diabetes patients.
Young Never Smoker | Young Ever Smoker | Old Never Smoker | Old Ever Smoker short diabetes history | Old Ever Smoker long diabetes history absence of COPD | Old Ever Smoker long diabetes history presence of COPD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Node {5,6,8,9} | Node {13,14,15,16} | Node {19,20} | Node {23,24} | Node 26 | Node 27 | |
Characteristics | (n = 154,219) | (n = 69,971) | (n = 114,996) | (n = 27,724) | (n = 17,944) | (n = 667) |
Number of lung cancer cases during follow-up, n (%) | 450 (0.29%) | 542 (0.77%) | 1093 (0.95%) | 593 (2.14%) | 670 (3.73%) | 47 (7.05%) |
Demographics | ||||||
Male, n (%) | 58,786 (38.12%) | 62,827 (89.79%) | 33,319 (28.97%) | 25,231 (91.01%) | 15,903 (88.63%) | 586 (87.86%) |
Age at assessment in year, mean ± SD | 54.79 ± 7.33 | 54.07 ± 7.56 | 73.48 ± 6.48 | 72.98 ± 6.38 | 72.88 ± 6.07 | 75.66 ± 6.48 |
Duration of diabetes in year, median (IQR) | 2 (0–7) | 2 (0–7) | 5 (1–12) | 3 (1–9) | 8 (3–13) | 6 (2–11) |
Disease history | ||||||
COPD, n (%) | 75 (0.05%) | 419 (0.60%) | 484 (0.42%) | 1224 (4.41%) | 0 (0%) | 667 (100%) |
Pneumonia, n (%) | 2471 (1.60%) | 1893 (2.71%) | 4583 (3.99%) | 2114 (7.63%) | 845 (4.71%) | 220 (32.98%) |
Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 5228 (3.39%) | 5773 (8.25%) | 10,442 (9.08%) | 4414 (15.92%) | 2163 (12.05%) | 111 (16.64%) |
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 4833 (3.13%) | 3650 (5.22%) | 9939 (8.64%) | 3558 (12.83%) | 1869 (10.42%) | 86 (12.89%) |
Heart failure, n (%) | 1275 (0.83%) | 1191 (1.70%) | 3432 (2.98%) | 1370 (4.94%) | 487 (2.71%) | 97 (14.54%) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 123,163 (79.86%) | 54,876 (78.43%) | 107,245 (93.26%) | 25,338 (91.39%) | 16,684 (92.98%) | 612 (91.75%) |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 19,777 (12.82%) | 11,907 (17.02%) | 18,257 (15.88%) | 8690 (31.34%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Liver cirrhosis, n (%) | 3294 (2.14%) | 1749 (2.50%) | 1758 (1.53%) | 566 (2.04%) | 259 (1.44%) | 18 (2.70%) |
Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 88,703 (57.52%) | 38,700 (55.31%) | 40,099 (34.87%) | 8203 (29.59%) | 5948 (33.15%) | 159 (23.84%) |
Medication use | ||||||
Anti-diabetic drugs | ||||||
Metformin, n (%) | 62,716 (40.67%) | 28,274 (40.41%) | 47,103 (40.96%) | 0 (0%) | 17,944 (100%) | 667 (100%) |
Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 37,989 (24.63%) | 18,384 (26.27%) | 34,165 (29.71%) | 3368 (12.15%) | 10,395 (57.93%) | 347 (52.02%) |
Insulin, n (%) | 8804 (5.71%) | 5257 (7.51%) | 6518 (5.67%) | 2269 (8.18%) | 1149 (6.40%) | 38 (5.70%) |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, n (%) | 5401 (3.50%) | 2851 (4.07%) | 4424 (3.85%) | 1510 (5.45%) | 604 (3.37%) | 11 (1.65%) |
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, n (%) | 491 (0.32%) | 273 (0.39%) | 184 (0.16%) | 95 (0.34%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, n (%) | 119 (0.08%) | 59 (0.08%) | 16 (0.01%) | 2 (0.01%) | 2 (0.01%) | 0 (0%) |
Glucosidase inhibitors, n (%) | 571 (0.37%) | 251 (0.36%) | 531 (0.46%) | 50 (0.18%) | 164 (0.91%) | 2 (0.30%) |
Meglitinide, n (%) | 64 (0.04%) | 20 (0.03%) | 44 (0.04%) | 9 (0.03%) | 9 (0.05%) | 0 (0%) |
Glitazone, n (%) | 677 (0.44%) | 234 (0.33%) | 356 (0.31%) | 46 (0.17%) | 100 (0.56%) | 2 (0.30%) |
Any of the above, n (%) | 79,138 (51.32%) | 37,630 (53.78%) | 61,436 (53.42%) | 6797 (24.52%) | 17,944 (100%) | 667 (100%) |
Aspirin, n (%) | 18,322 (11.88%) | 13,894 (19.86%) | 31,721 (27.58%) | 10,579 (38.16%) | 5748 (32.03%) | 261 (39.13%) |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, n (%) | 85,813 (55.64%) | 36,126 (51.63%) | 63,188 (54.95%) | 14,120 (50.93%) | 8147 (45.40%) | 323 (48.43%) |
Anti-coagulants, n (%) | 4096 (2.66%) | 4129 (5.90%) | 6733 (5.85%) | 2927 (10.56%) | 1067 (5.95%) | 52 (7.80%) |
Anti-platelets, n (%) | 6250 (4.05%) | 5646 (8.07%) | 9926 (8.63%) | 5882 (21.22%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Anti-hypertensive drugs, n (%) | 93,567 (60.67%) | 41,278 (58.99%) | 93,163 (81.01%) | 21,248 (76.64%) | 15,009 (83.64%) | 526 (78.86%) |
Statins, n (%) | 69,586 (45.12%) | 33,855 (48.38%) | 62,660 (54.49%) | 17,017 (61.38%) | 8322 (46.38%) | 262 (39.28%) |
Behaviors | ||||||
Current smoker/ ex-smoker, n (%) | 0 (0%) | 69,971 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 27,724 (100%) | 17,944 (100%) | 667 (100%) |
Current drinker/ ex-drinker, n (%) | 31,639 (20.52%) | 41,218 (58.91%) | 14,687 (12.77%) | 14,557 (52.51%) | 9420 (52.50%) | 321 (48.13%) |
Anthropometric measurements | ||||||
Body mass index in kg/m2, mean ± SD | 26.58 ± 4.48 | 26.57 ± 4.30 | 25.43 ± 3.79 | 25.37 ± 3.51 | 25.02 ± 3.43 | 24.40 ± 3.76 |
Waist-to-hip ratio, mean ± SD | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 0.97 ± 0.07 |
Laboratory measurements | ||||||
HbA1c in %, mean ± SD | 7.43 ± 1.50 | 7.63 ± 1.72 | 7.15 ± 1.20 | 7.21 ± 1.37 | 7.34 ± 1.30 | 7.20 ± 1.19 |
Fasting glucose in mmol/L, mean ± SD | 7.77 ± 2.34 | 7.92 ± 2.58 | 7.34 ± 1.95 | 7.38 ± 2.08 | 7.39 ± 2.02 | 6.95 ± 1.94 |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mmol/L, mean ± SD | 2.77 ± 0.83 | 2.69 ± 0.83 | 2.61 ± 0.82 | 2.48 ± 0.79 | 2.57 ± 0.77 | 2.65 ± 0.80 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mmol/L, mean ± SD | 1.29 ± 0.33 | 1.16 ± 0.30 | 1.33 ± 0.35 | 1.22 ± 0.33 | 1.21 ± 0.32 | 1.32 ± 0.38 |
Triglycerides in mmol/L, mean ± SD | 1.64 ± 1.19 | 1.84 ± 1.60 | 1.50 ± 0.89 | 1.50 ± 0.96 | 1.43 ± 0.90 | 1.34 ± 0.92 |
Serum creatinine in µmol/L, mean ± SD | 73.70 ± 37.44 | 84.70 ± 46.42 | 84.02 ± 39.01 | 101.78 ± 55.22 | 93.56 ± 23.46 | 93.81 ± 28.52 |
