Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics by relapse frequency and payor type.

From: Real-world healthcare resource utilization, costs, and predictors of relapse among US patients with incident schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

Patient

Characteristics

Commercial

Medicare

Medicaid

0 Relapses

1 Relapse

≥2 Relapses

Overall

0 Relapses

1 Relapse

≥2 Relapses

Overall

0 Relapses

1 Relapse

≥2 Relapses

Overall

Number of patients, N

3726

828

420

4974

1178

268

214

1660

3048

942

868

4858

Demographics

Age on index (years), mean (SD)

33.5 (14.67)

30.3 (13.04)

29.4 (12.45)

32.6 (14.30)

56.6 (13.47)

52.3 (11.92)

49.9 (11.74)

55.0 (13.30)

34.9 (14.75)

34.5 (13.62)

34.8 (12.11)

34.8 (14.10)

12–17

353 (9.5%)

57 (6.9%)

40 (9.5%)

450 (9.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

494 (16.2%)

122 (13.0%)

61 (7.0%)

677 (13.9%)

18–44

2359 (63.3%)

607 (73.3%)

311 (74.0%)

3277 (65.9%)

219 (18.6%)

69 (25.7%)

68 (31.8%)

356 (21.4%)

1675 (55.0%)

568 (60.3%)

592 (68.2%)

2835 (58.4%)

45+

1014 (27.2%)

164 (19.8%)

69 (16.4%)

1247 (25.1%)

959 (81.4%)

199 (74.3%)

146 (68.2%)

1,304 (78.6%)

879 (28.8%)

252 (26.8%)

215 (24.8%)

1346 (27.7%)

Female, n (%)

1644 (44.1%)

328 (39.6%)

199 (47.4%)

2171 (43.6%)

583 (49.5%)

129 (48.1%)

113 (52.8%)

825 (49.7%)

1561 (51.2%)

521 (55.3%)

446 (51.4%)

2528 (52.0%)

Geographic region of patient,a n (%)

Northeast

490 (13.2%)

136 (16.4%)

63 (15.0%)

689 (13.9%)

239 (20.3%)

55 (20.5%)

35 (16.4%)

329 (19.8%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

(0.0%)

Midwest

874 (23.5%)

179 (21.6%)

82 (19.5%)

1,135 (22.8%)

511 (43.4%)

140 (52.2%)

99 (46.3%)

750 (45.2%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

(0.0%)

South

1196 (32.1%)

268 (32.4%)

128 (30.5%)

1,592 (32.0%)

222 (18.8%)

53 (19.8%)

45 (21.0%)

320 (19.3%)

2,334 (76.6%)

735 (78.0%)

636 (73.3%)

3,705 (76.3%)

West

1058 (28.4%)

218 (26.3%)

132 (31.4%)

1,408 (28.3%)

206 (17.5%)

20 (7.5%)

35 (16.4%)

261 (15.7%)

714 (23.4%)

207 (22.0%)

232 (26.7%)

1153 (23.7%)

Rural/urban designation,a n (%)

Rural

972 (26.1%)

213 (25.7%)

106 (25.2%)

1,291 (26.0%)

215 (18.3%)

47 (17.5%)

38 (17.8%)

300 (18.1%)

511 (16.8%)

156 (16.6%)

140 (16.1%)

807 (16.6%)

Urban

2719 (73.0%)

606 (73.2%)

312 (74.3%)

3,637 (73.1%)

962 (81.7%)

221 (82.5%)

176 (82.2%)

1,359 (81.9%)

2,537 (83.2%)

786 (83.4%)

728 (83.9%)

4,051 (83.4%)

Year of index date, n (%)

2014

590 (15.8%)

158 (19.1%)

78 (18.6%)

826 (16.6%)

146 (12.4%)

37 (13.8%)

29 (13.6%)

212 (12.8%)

202 (6.6%)

69 (7.3%)

87 (10.0%)

358 (7.4%)

2015

602 (16.2%)

129 (15.6%)

78 (18.6%)

809 (16.3%)

123 (10.4%)

33 (12.3%)

11 (5.1%)

167 (10.1%)

330 (10.8%)

108 (11.5%)

102 (11.8%)

540 (11.1%)

2016

630 (16.9%)

143 (17.3%)

62 (14.8%)

835 (16.8%)

147 (12.5%)

41 (15.3%)

30 (14.0%)

218 (13.1%)

422 (13.8%)

122 (13.0%)

86 (9.9%)

630 (13.0%)

2017

558 (15.0%)

134 (16.2%)

61 (14.5%)

753 (15.1%)

168 (14.3%)

39 (14.6%)

37 (17.3%)

244 (14.7%)

343 (11.3%)

125 (13.3%)

108 (12.4%)

576 (11.9%)

2018

508 (13.6%)

97 (11.7%)

59 (14.0%)

664 (13.3%)

180 (15.3%)

25 (9.3%)

34 (15.9%)

239 (14.4%)

437 (14.3%)

173 (18.4%)

140 (16.1%)

750 (15.4%)

2019

535 (14.4%)

101 (12.2%)

51 (12.1%)

687 (13.8%)

263 (22.3%)

57 (21.3%)

52 (24.3%)

372 (22.4%)

728 (23.9%)

191 (20.3%)

210 (24.2%)

1129 (23.2%)

2020b

303 (8.1%)

66 (8.0%)

31 (7.4%)

400 (8.0%)

151 (12.8%)

36 (13.4%)

21 (9.8%)

208 (12.5%)

586 (19.2%)

154 (16.3%)

135 (15.6%)

875 (18.0%)

Social determinants of health (SDoH) – census block group level

Median family income in past 12 months, mean (SD)

$86,898 ($44,947)

$87,926 ($45,557)

$89,040 ($45,164)

$87,250 ($45,063)

$75,380 ($39,589)

$70,335 ($43,652)

$71,782 ($40,760)

$74,102 ($40,448)

$63,903 ($33,134)

$58,922 ($31,090)

$58,979 ($31,247)

$62,057 ($32,497)

Proportion of population who are non-Hispanic black, mean (SD)

0.11 (0.20)

0.11 (0.20)

0.10 (0.17)

0.10 (0.20)

0.17 (0.26)

0.20 (0.28)

0.18 (0.27)

0.20 (0.30)

0.36 (0.32)

0.39 (0.33)

0.36 (0.32)

0.40 (0.30)

Proportion of population who are Hispanic/Latino, mean (SD)

0.12 (0.18)

0.12 (0.18)

0.13 (0.19)

0.10 (0.20)

0.13 (0.20)

0.11 (0.19)

0.11 (0.18)

0.10 (0.20)

0.13 (0.17)

0.13 (0.18)

0.14 (0.19)

0.10 (0.20)

Quartiles of socioeconomic status (SES),a,c n (%)

1 (Low SES)

615 (16.5%)

144 (17.4%)

64 (15.2%)

823 (16.5%)

296 (25.1%)

86 (32.1%)

76 (35.5%)

458 (27.6%)

1265 (41.5%)

435 (46.2%)

398 (45.9%)

2098 (43.2%)

2

767 (20.6%)

158 (19.1%)

74 (17.6%)

999 (20.1%)

292 (24.8%)

72 (26.9%)

48 (22.4%)

412 (24.8%)

771 (25.3%)

229 (24.3%)

207 (23.8%)

1207 (24.8%)

3

938 (25.2%)

211 (25.5%)

98 (23.3%)

1,247 (25.1%)

299 (25.4%)

55 (20.5%)

45 (21.0%)

399 (24.0%)

484 (15.9%)

128 (13.6%)

135 (15.6%)

747 (15.4%)

4 (High SES)

1323 (35.5%)

299 (36.1%)

172 (41.0%)

1794 (36.1%)

256 (21.7%)

47 (17.5%)

43 (20.1%)

346 (20.8%)

333 (10.9%)

60 (6.4%)

54 (6.2%)

447 (9.2%)

Clinical characteristic and comorbidities

Quan-Charlson comorbidity index (QCI), mean (SD)

0.3 (0.88)

0.3 (0.78)

0.5 (1.07)

0.3 (0.90)

1.0 (1.59)

1.0 (1.44)

1.2 (1.67)

1.0 (1.60)

0.5 (1.06)

0.6 (1.13)

0.8 (1.52)

0.6 (1.20)

Asthma

298 (8.0%)

84 (10.1%)

65 (15.5%)

447 (9.0%)

119 (10.1%)

53 (19.8%)

52 (24.3%)

224 (13.5%)

407 (13.4%)

158 (16.8%)

173 (19.9%)

738 (15.2%)

Dyslipidemia

580 (15.6%)

118 (14.3%)

59 (14.0%)

757 (15.2%)

531 (45.1%)

113 (42.2%)

104 (48.6%)

748 (45.1%)

512 (16.8%)

168 (17.8%)

150 (17.3%)

830 (17.1%)

Hypertension

612 (16.4%)

139 (16.8%)

79 (18.8%)

830 (16.7%)

595 (50.5%)

144 (53.7%)

108 (50.5%)

847 (51.0%)

805 (26.4%)

278 (29.5%)

310 (35.7%)

1393 (28.7%)

Overweight/obesity

497 (13.3%)

94 (11.4%)

75 (17.9%)

666 (13.4%)

294 (25.0%)

77 (28.7%)

67 (31.3%)

438 (26.4%)

576 (18.9%)

197 (20.9%)

205 (23.6%)

978 (20.1%)

Behavioral health comorbidities, n (%)

Alcohol use disorder

299 (8.0%)

121 (14.6%)

68 (16.2%)

488 (9.8%)

71 (6.0%)

30 (11.2%)

37 (17.3%)

138 (8.3%)

260 (8.5%)

124 (13.2%)

195 (22.5%)

579 (11.9%)

Anxiety disorders

1523 (40.9%)

361 (43.6%)

232 (55.2%)

2116 (42.5%)

328 (27.8%)

101 (37.7%)

100 (46.7%)

529 (31.9%)

1000 (32.8%)

386 (41.0%)

453 (52.2%)

1839 (37.9%)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

478 (12.8%)

134 (16.2%)

82 (19.5%)

694 (14.0%)

39 (3.3%)

≤10

≤10

57 (3.4%)

448 (14.7%)

130 (13.8%)

117 (13.5%)

695 (14.3%)

Bipolar disorder

1020 (27.4%)

274 (33.1%)

187 (44.5%)

1481 (29.8%)

314 (26.7%)

102 (38.1%)

107 (50.0%)

523 (31.5%)

883 (29.0%)

383 (40.7%)

417 (48.0%)

1683 (34.6%)

Depression

1532 (41.1%)

373 (45.0%)

237 (56.4%)

2142 (43.1%)

399 (33.9%)

101 (37.7%)

103 (48.1%)

603 (36.3%)

1231 (40.4%)

437 (46.4%)

470 (54.1%)

2138 (44.0%)

Emotional disturbance

67 (1.8%)

18 (2.2%)

21 (0.5%)

106 (2.1%)

≤10

≤10

≤10

15 (0.9%)

55 (1.8%)

21 (2.2%)

26 (3.0%)

102 (2.1%)

Intellectual disability

37 (1.0%)

≤10

≤10

54 (1.1%)

29 (2.5%)

≤10

≤10

43 (2.6%)

96 (3.1%)

22 (2.3%)

29 (3.3%)

147 (3.0%)

Learning disability

18 (0.5%)

≤10

≤10

27 (0.5%)

≤10

≤10

0 (0.0%)

≤10

30 (1.0%)

≤10

≤10

42 (0.9%)

Nicotine dependence

552 (14.8%)

211 (25.5%)

144 (34.3%)

907 (18.2%)

269 (22.8%)

101 (37.7%)

101 (47.2%)

471 (28.4%)

911 (29.9%)

364 (38.6%)

511 (58.9%)

1786 (36.8%)

Personality disorder

173 (4.6%)

58 (7.0%)

55 (13.1%)

286 (5.7%)

36 (3.1%)

20 (7.5%)

27 (12.6%)

83 (5.0%)

120 (3.9%)

65 (6.9%)

75 (8.6%)

260 (5.4%)

Post traumatic stress disorder

71 (1.9%)

22 (2.7%)

32 (7.6%)

125 (2.5%)

14 (1.2%)

≤10

≤10

28 (1.7%)

48 (1.6%)

17 (1.8%)

32 (3.7%)

97 (2.0%)

Substance use disorderd

664 (17.8%)

227 (27.4%)

140 (33.3%)

1,031 (20.7%)

129 (11.0%)

44 (16.4%)

62 (29.0%)

235 (14.2%)

623 (20.4%)

318 (33.8%)

417 (48.0%)

1358 (28.0%)

Suicidal attempts/injuries related to intentional self-harm

75 (2.0%)

20 (2.4%)

25 (6.0%)

120 (2.4%)

14 (1.2%)

≤10

≤10

26 (1.6%)

47 (1.5%)

41 (4.4%)

46 (5.3%)

134 (2.8%)

Suicidal ideation

456 (12.2%)

157 (19.0%)

128 (30.5%)

741 (14.9%)

60 (5.1%)

35 (13.1%)

45 (21.0%)

140 (8.4%)

391 (12.8%)

211 (22.4%)

264 (30.4%)

866 (17.8%)

  1. N/n number, SD standard deviation, % percent.
  2. aThe categories may not sum to 100% due to missing values.
  3. bData were only available through August 31, 2020.
  4. cThe socioeconomic status (SES) index is a composite measure based on seven SDoH variables from the 2017 American Community Survey 5-year estimates at the census block group level based on location of residence on the index date. A score of 4 indicates the patient is in the top 25% of SES and a score of 1 indicates the patient is in the bottom 25% of SES using all census block groups. Patients unable to be linked to SDoH data or who have at least one of the seven variables missing are categorized as unknown. The seven variables included in the index are: (1) the proportion of the population aged ≥25 years with at least 4 years of college education, (2) the proportion of the population aged ≥25 years with less than a 12th-grade education, (3) median family income, (4) poverty rate, (5) unemployment rate, (6) the proportion of households with more than 1 person per room, and (7) median home value.
  5. dSubstance use disorder excludes alcohol use disorder and nicotine dependence.
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