Table 2 Post-index pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment patterns by relapse frequency and payor type.

From: Real-world healthcare resource utilization, costs, and predictors of relapse among US patients with incident schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

Treatment patterns

Commercial

Medicare

Medicaid

0

Relapses

1

Relapse

≥2 Relapses

Overall

p-valuea

0

Relapses

1

Relapse

≥2 Relapses

Overall

p-valuea

0

Relapses

1

Relapse

≥2 Relapses

Overall

p-valuea

Number of patients, N

3726

828

420

4974

–

1178

268

214

1660

–

3048

942

868

4858

---

Daily pill burden, mean (SD)b

Total

5.0 (4.48)

6.1 (5.64)

7.5 (5.96)

5.4 (4.90)

<0.001

9.2 (7.48)

10.3 (8.22)

11.1 (7.61)

9.6 (7.60)

<0.001

6.0 (6.49)

6.9 (9.59)

7.8 (6.34)

6.5 (7.20)

<0.001

Antipsychotic

1.3 (1.23)

1.7 (1.84)

1.8 (1.32)

1.4 (1.40)

<0.001

1.3 (1.31)

1.4 (1.24)

1.7 (1.41)

1.4 (1.30)

<0.001

1.1 (1.11)

1.3 (1.27)

1.4 (1.02)

1.2 (1.10)

<0.001

Other psychotropic medications

2.0 (2.02)

2.6 (2.28)

3.1 (2.25)

2.2 (2.10)

<0.001

2.1 (2.38)

2.7 (2.41)

3.3 (2.58)

2.4 (2.40)

<0.001

1.8 (2.15)

2.5 (2.75)

2.9 (3.83)

2.1 (2.70)

<0.001

Other medicationsc

3.3 (4.16)

3.9 (4.70)

4.9 (5.12)

3.5 (4.40)

<0.001

6.7 (6.34)

7.7 (7.34)

7.8 (6.46)

7.0 (6.50)

0.019

4.4 (6.34)

4.8 (8.16)

5.6 (5.63)

4.7 (6.60)

<0.001

Antipsychotic fills ≥1, n (%)

Any antipsychotic

2801 (75.2%)

712 (86.0%)

384 (91.4%)

3897 (78.3%)

<0.001

863 (73.3%)

218 (81.3%)

189 (88.3%)

1270 (76.5%)

<0.001

2086 (68.4%)

747 (79.3%)

763 (87.9%)

3596 (74.0%)

<0.001

Typical

(1st Generation)

371 (10.0%)

196 (23.7%)

140 (33.3%)

707 (14.2%)

<0.001

158 (13.4%)

52 (19.4%)

67 (31.3%)

277 (16.7%)

<0.001

348 (11.4%)

196 (20.8%)

307 (35.4%)

851 (17.5%)

<0.001

Atypical

(2nd Generation)

2660 (71.4%)

689 (83.2%)

360 (85.7%)

3709 (74.6%)

<0.001

761 (64.6%)

206 (76.9%)

170 (79.4%)

1137 (68.5%)

<0.001

1928 (63.3%)

692 (73.5%)

713 (82.1%)

3333 (68.6%)

<0.001

1st Generation LAI

26 (0.7%)

17 (2.1%)

12 (2.9%)

55 (1.1%)

<0.001

39 (3.3%)

≤10

≤10

57 (3.4%)

0.912

45 (1.5%)

22 (2.3%)

19 (2.2%)

86 (1.8%)

0.127

2nd Generation LAI

201 (5.4%)

94 (11.4%)

77 (18.3%)

372 (7.5%)

<0.001

69 (5.9%)

25 (9.3%)

34 (15.9%)

128 (7.7%)

<0.001

158 (5.2%)

84 (8.9%)

94 (10.8%)

336 (6.9%)

<0.001

Other psychotropic medication fills ≥1, n (%)

Mood stabilizers

1067 (28.6%)

323 (39.0%)

221 (52.6%)

1611 (32.4%)

<0.001

238 (20.2%)

84 (31.3%)

86 (40.2%)

408 (24.6%)

<0.001

603 (19.8%)

281 (29.8%)

332 (38.2%)

1216 (25.0%)

<0.001

Antidepressants

2116 (56.8%)

526 (63.5%)

304 (72.4%)

2946 (59.2%)

<0.001

672 (57.0%)

177 (66.0%)

148 (69.2%)

997 (60.1%)

<0.001

1650 (54.1%)

626 (66.5%)

656 (75.6%)

2932 (60.4%)

<0.001

Anxiolytics

1341 (36.0%)

464 (56.0%)

300 (71.4%)

2105 (42.3%)

<0.001

371 (31.5%)

121 (45.1%)

145 (67.8%)

637 (38.4%)

<0.001

1133 (37.2%)

514 (54.6%)

622 (71.7%)

2269 (46.7%)

<0.001

Stimulants and non-stimulants/ADHD

397 (10.7%)

108 (13.0%)

61 (14.5%)

566 (11.4%)

0.016

41 (3.5%)

≤10

≤10

53 (3.2%)

0.397

291 (9.5%)

85 (9.0%)

67 (7.7%)

443 (9.1%)

0.254

Alpha-adrenergic agonists

41 (1.1%)

11 (1.3%)

≤10

55 (1.1%)

0.617

≤10

≤10

≤10

≤10

0.638

28 (0.9%)

≤10

≤10

40 (0.8%)

0.630

Adherence (PDC ≥ 80%), n (%)d

Typical

(1st Generation)

70 (18.9%)

23 (11.7%)

≤10

103 (14.6%)

0.002

71 (44.9%)

13 (25.0%)

≤10

93 (33.6%)

<0.001

62 (17.8%)

22 (11.2%)

13 (4.2%)

97 (11.4%)

<0.001

Atypical

(2nd Generation)

1015 (38.2%)

218 (31.6%)

110 (30.6%)

1343 (36.2%)

<0.001

450 (59.1%)

99 (48.1%)

72 (42.4%)

621 (54.6%)

<0.001

623 (32.3%)

165 (23.8%)

146 (20.5%)

934 (28.0%)

<0.001

1st Generation

LAI

≤10

≤10

0 (0.0%)

≤10

0.027

21 (53.8%)

≤10

≤10

28 (49.1%)

0.331

13 (28.9%)

≤10

≤10

21 (24.4%)

0.276

2nd Generation LAI

85 (42.3%)

40 (42.6%)

27 (35.1%)

152 (40.9%)

0.509

29 (42.0%)

14 (56.0%)

15 (44.1%)

58 (45.3%)

0.479

66 (41.8%)

27 (32.1%)

24 (25.5%)

117 (34.8%)

0.027

Discontinuation before end of follow-up, n (%)e

Typical

(1st Generation)

288 (77.6%)

162 (82.7%)

116 (82.9%)

566 (80.1%)

0.236

79 (50.0%)

36 (69.2%)

50 (74.6%)

165 (59.6%)

0.001

268 (77.0%)

162 (82.7%)

268 (87.3%)

698 (82.0%)

0.007

Atypical

(2nd Generation)

1494 (56.2%)

431 (62.6%)

226 (62.8%)

2151 (58.0%)

0.002

270 (35.5%)

95 (46.1%)

94 (55.3%)

459 (40.4%)

<0.001

1175 (60.9%)

463 (66.9%)

520 (72.9%)

2158 (64.7%)

<0.001

1st Generation

LAI

19 (73.1%)

≤10

≤10

35 (63.6%)

0.344

16 (41.0%)

≤10

≤10

27 (47.4%)

0.367

28 (62.2%)

13 (59.1%)

14 (73.7%)

55 (64.0%)

0.587

2nd Generation LAI

105 (52.2%)

48 (51.1%)

43 (55.8%)

196 (52.7%)

0.809

36 (52.2%)

≤10

18 (52.9%)

62 (48.4%)

0.186

76 (48.1%)

44 (52.4%)

62 (66.0%)

182 (54.2%)

0.021

Psychiatric services

Any non-pharmacologic treatment

≥1 visit, n (%)

2776 (74.5%)

690 (83.3%)

364 (86.7%)

3830 (77.0%)

<0.001

531 (45.1%)

171 (63.8%)

151 (70.6%)

853 (51.4%)

<0.001

1964 (64.4%)

682 (72.4%)

687 (79.1%)

3333 (68.6%)

<0.001

Number of visits, mean (SD)

11.5 (18.38)

14.4 (22.25)

16.3 (22.21)

12.4 (19.50)

<0.001

4.6 (13.43)

5.9 (11.03)

5.9 (11.52)

5.0 (12.80)

0.178

6.5 (13.13)

6.5 (13.22)

6.9 (12.00)

6.6 (13.00)

0.771

Individual/family/group psychotherapy

≥1 visit, n (%)

2343 (62.9%)

568 (68.6%)

312 (74.3%)

3223 (64.8%)

<0.001

390 (33.1%)

120 (44.8%)

103 (48.1%)

613 (36.9%)

<0.001

1354 (44.4%)

427 (45.3%)

438 (50.5%)

2219 (45.7%)

0.007

Number of visits, mean (SD)

10.2 (17.41)

12.4 (21.58)

13.6 (21.13)

10.9 (18.50)

<0.001

4.0 (13.11)

4.8 (9.83)

4.6 (10.68)

4.2 (12.30)

0.586

5.7 (12.88)

5.4 (12.61)

4.8 (11.33)

5.5 (12.60)

0.150

Number of visits among those with ≥1 visit, mean (SD)

16.3 (19.59)

18.1 (24.02)

18.3 (22.70)

16.8 (20.70)

0.073

12.2 (20.52)

10.7 (12.37)

9.6 (13.78)

11.6 (18.70)

0.386

12.9 (16.78)

11.8 (16.58)

9.5 (14.49)

12.1 (16.40)

0.001

Number of visits among those with ≥1 visit, median (IQR)

9.0 (3.0–22.0)

10.0 (3.0–22.0)

10.0 (4.0–24.0)

10.0 (4.0–22.0)

–

6.0 (2.0–14.0)

6.0 (2.0–14.0)

4.0 (1.0–11.0)

6.0 (2.0–14.0)

–

7.0 (2.0–17.0)

5.0 (2.0–14.0)

4.0 (2.0–11.0)

6.0 (2.0–15.0)

–

  1. ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ANOVA analysis of variance, IQR interquartile range, LAI long acting injectable, N/n number, PDC proportion days covered, SD standard deviation, % percent.
  2. aP-values were calculated using ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables.
  3. bDefined as the total quantity of pills per treated days.
  4. cOther medications include all medications except for antipsychotics and mood stabilizers (not just the selected medications listed in the table).
  5. dCalculated as the number of days with the drug on hand divided by the number of days from the first use of medication to the end of follow-up.
  6. eDefined as the failure to refill the medication with 45 days of the depletion date of the previous days’ supply.
  7. Bold values indicates statistically significant p values less than 0.05.
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