Table 2 Severity of disease, treatment characteristics.

From: Resting-state EEG and MEG gamma frequencies in schizophrenia: a systematic review and exploratory power-spectrum meta-analysis

Reference		Rating scale	Score	Medication status	Antipsychotic	Dose	Other medications
*Rutter 2009*		Na	/	Na	Na	Na	Na
*Venables 2009*		BPRS	41.8 ± 11.4	Antipsychotic monotherapy	Na	747.7 ± 606 chlorpromazine equivalents	Antiparkinsonian (N = 12), Antidepressant (N = 25), Mood stabilizer (N = 6)
*Kikuchi 2011*		BPRS	52.6 (28–76)	Drug naïve	/	/	/
*Hanslmayr 2012*		PANSS	Na	Antipsychotic mono- (N = 22) or polytherapy (N = 1), drug-free (N = 3)	FGA and SGA	466 chlorpromazine equivalents	SSRI or tetracyclic antidepressants (N = 4)
*Andreou 2014a*		PANSS	56 ± 15.6	Antipsychotic monotherapy (N = 18) Drug free (N = 4)	Amisulpride (N = 1), Aripiprazole (N = 3), Olanzapine (N = 5), Paliperidone (N = 3), Quetiapine (N = 2), Risperidone (N = 5)	188.64 ± 181 chlorpromazine equivalents	Antidepressant (N = 6)
*Andreou 2014b*		PANSS	54.88 ± 16.5	Antipsychotic monotherapy (N = 16), Drug-free (N = 3)	Amisulpride (N = 1), Aripiprazole (N = 2), Olanzapi ne (N = 4), Paliperidone (N = 3), Quetiapine (N = 2), Risperidone (N = 4)	239.59 ± 182.4 chlorpromazine equivalents	Antidepressant (N = 6)
		VLMT learning	59 ± 9.5
		VLMT delayed recall	10.53 ± 3.0
		WLM immediate recall	23.47 ± 7.4
		WLM delayed recall	19.35 ± 9.9
		TMT-A	24.18 ± 7”
		TMT-B	60.41 ± 21.7”
		Digit span forward	7.47 ± 1.9
		Digit span backward	5.93 ± 1.7
		Letter-number sequencing	15.13 ± 2.9
		Digit symbol	51.82 ± 8.6
		Letter fluency	38.56 ± 11.5
*Garakh 2014*		PANSS		Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy (N = 32), Drug naïve (N = 10)	Na	227.55 ± 69.10 chlorpromazine equivalents	Mood stabilizers, antidepressants (N = na)
		Positive	19.34 ± 5.58
		Negative	17.09 ± 4.62
		General	41.50 ± 7.55
*Kam 2014*		PANSS	62.1 ± 16.7	Atypical antipsychotic (N = 95) Typical antipsychotic (N = 25) Drug free (N = 20)	Na	Na	Antidepressants (N = 46), Antiepileptics (N = 31), Anticholinergics (N = 24), Benzodiazepines (N = 21), Lithium (N = 5), Antiparkinsonian (N = 4)
*Kim 2014*		PANSS	54.20 ± 12.89	Antipsychotic monotherapy	SGA	Na	Na
*Di Lorenzo 2015*		PANSS	76.68 ± 6.29	Antipsychotic mono- (N = 62) or polytherapy (N = 15)	SGA (N = 65), FGA (n = 21)	306.10 ± 167.3 chlorpromazine equivalents	Antidepressant (N = 18) Benzodiazepine (N = 18), Antiepileptic (N = 10), Anticholinergic (N = 7)
*Di Lorenzo 2015*		SOFAS	55.61 ± 15.85	Antipsychotic mono- (N = 62) or polytherapy (N = 15)	SGA (N = 65), FGA (n = 21)	306.10 ± 167.3 chlorpromazine equivalents
*Hirano 2015*		SAPS	9.33 ± 4.90	Antipsychotic mono- (N = 13) or polytherapy (N = 3) Drug-free (N = 2)	SGA (N = 16), FGA (N = 6)	408.27 ± 454.26 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
*Hirano 2015*		SANS	9.38 ± 5.64		SGA (N = 16), FGA (N = 6)	408.27 ± 454.26 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
*Mitra 2015*		PANSS	83.87 ± 15.9	Antipsychotic monotherapy	Olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol	516.62 ± 208.6 chlorpromazine equivalents
*Tikka 2015*		PANSS	82.7 ± 13.73	Drug free or drug naive	/	/	No
*Ramyaed 2016*		BPRS	55.0 ± 12.1	Antipsychotic naïve	/	/	Antidepressant (N = 4) Benzodiazepines (N = 8)
*Won 2017*		Na	/	Drug naïve or drug free ( > 1 month)	/	/	No
*Arikan 2018*		Schedule for assessing the three components of insight	Na	Drug free (3 wks)	/	/	No
		SANS	Na
		SAPS	Na
*Baradits 2018*		PANSS	87.6 ± 17.91	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	Na	599 ± 333.47 chlorpromazine equivalents	Benzodiazepines (N = 38)
*Baradits 2018*		BPRS	30.76 ± 6.43	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	Na	599 ± 333.47 chlorpromazine equivalents	Benzodiazepines (N = 38)
*Grent’t’Jong 2018*	FES	PANSS	66.9 ± 3.2	Drug-naïve	/	/	Na
		BACS (composite score)	−0.22 ± 0.35
		CAARMS total	25.0 ± 2.4
	Chronic SZ	PANSS	56.3 ± 3.0	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	Na	Na	Na
		BACS (composite score)	−1.03 ± 0.21
		CAARMS total	37.6 ± 2.8
*Hirano 2018*	SZ	SAPS positive symptoms total	10.06 ± 5.8	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	SGA (n = 12), FGA (N = 1), FGA + SGA (N = 3), Drug-free (N = 2)	408 ± 454 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
*Hirano 2018*	SZ	SANS negative symptoms total	8.77 ± 4.5	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy		408 ± 454 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
*Jonak 2018*	FES	PANSS	68.36 ± 11.89	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	Na	346.69 ± 73.91 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
*Jonak 2018*	Chronic SZ	PANSS	72.41 ± 11.02	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	Na	537.67 ± 203.08 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
*Krukow 2018*	SZ	PANSS	67.33 ± 12.33	Antipsychotic monotherapy	Olanzapine 56.25% Quetiapine 18.75% Risperidone 15.65% Aripiprazole 9.37%	4.93 ± 1.47 risperidone equivalents	Antidepressants (N = 2)
		Naming speed simple
		RT	1178 ± 23.85
		pt	47136.69 ± 954.23
		errors	1.15 ± 1.24
		Naming speed complex
		RT	1649.72 ± 39.05
		pt	65988.27 ± 1562.16
		errors	1.61 ± 0.30
		Symbol coding
		RT	1689.07 ± 52.57
		number of processed stimuli	55.09 ± 1.83
		errors	3.91 ± 0.47
*Takahashi 2018*	Pre-treatment	BPRS	52.6 ± 13.2	Drug naïve	/	/	Antihistaminic, benzodiazepines, anticholinergics (N = na)
*Takahashi 2018*	After-treatment (2–8 weeks)	BPRS	43.2 ± 14.6	Antipsychotic monotherapy	Na	3.2 ± 1.9 risperidone equivalents	Antihistaminic, benzodiazepines, anticholinergics (N = na)
*Umesh 2018*		PANSS	40.25 ± 3.2	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	FGA and/or SGA	443 ± 215.94 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
		SANS	24.75 ± 4.70
		RSAS	20.75 ± 1.41
		TEPS	77.050 ± 1.877
		SPQ	21.1 ± 1.74
*Zeev-Wolf 2018*		PANSS total	44.1 ± 11.38	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	FGA (n = 17) SGA (N = 13) FGA + SGA (N = 9)	Na	Na
*Lottman 2019*		BPRS	32.26 ± 9.82	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	Drug naïve (N = 1) Aripiprazole (N = 2) Clozapine (N = 1) Risperidone (N = 16) Ziprasidone+clozapine (N = 1)	Na	No
		SANS	21.56 ± 17.81
		SAPS	7.12 ± 11.77
		RBANS	74.35 ± 15.31
*Vignapiano 2019*		PANSS		Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	Na	603.64 ± 359.05 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
		Positive factor	8.37 ± 4.52
		Disorganized factor	8.60 ± 3.51
		BNSS
		Avolition-apathy	21.51 ± 9.02
		Expressive deficit	11.64 ± 7.55
		MCCB
		Speed of processing	35.16 ± 9.40
		Attention/vigilance	41.05 ± 10.64
		Working memory	37.51 ± 11.14
		Verbal learning	38.36 ± 10.95
		Visual learning	33.36 ± 12.46
		Reasoning and problem solving	39.83 ± 10.63
		Neurocognitive composite score	33.89 ± 11.03
*Alamian 2020*		SANS	3.96 ± 2.92	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	Na	13.03 ± 13.80 Olanzapine equivalents	Na
*Alamian 2020*		SAPS	3.72 ± 4.00	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	Na	13.03 ± 13.80 Olanzapine equivalents	Na
*Freche 2020*		SAPS	11.0 ± 5.2	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	FGA (n = 7), SGA (n = 12), both (N = 2)	Na	Na
*Freche 2020*		SANS	20.5 ± 3.6	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy	FGA (n = 7), SGA (n = 12), both (N = 2)	Na	Na
*Kim 2020*		PANSS	60.92 ± 21.71	Antipsychotic monotherapy (N = 33) Drug-free (N = 5)	Na	319.21 ± 307.81 chlorpromazine equivalents	Mood stabilizers (N = 6; valproate, lithium, lamotrigine, topiramate)
		SOFAS	64.54 ± 12.50
		K-AVLT	8.37 ± 2.79
*Krukow 2020*		PANSS	65.31 ± 11.18	Antipsychotic monotherapy	Aripiprazole (14.70%) Olanzapine (58.82%) Quetiapine (8.82%) Risperidone (17.64%)	4.73 ± 1.37 risperidone equivalents	No
*Lee 2020*		PANSS	62.3 ± 16.7	Na	/	/	/
		TMT-A	28.1 ± 13.4
		TMT-B	72.6 ± 31.4
		CVLT, immediate recall	9.8 ± 3.7
		CVLT, delayed recall	10.1 ± 3.6
*Soni 2020*		SANS	Na	Second generation antipsychotic	Na	Na	Na
*Soni 2020*		SAPS	Na	Second generation antipsychotic	Na	Na	Na
*Tanaka-Koshiyama 2020*		SAPS	6.8 ± 4.0	Antipsychotics, non-specified	Na	Na	Anxiolytics (N = 25) Anticholinergics (N = 47)
		SANS	16.9 ± 3.8
		WRAT	101.8 ± 10.6
		LN span	12.8 ± 3
		LN sequencing	10.0 ± 2.4
		WCST	8.5 ± 7.2
		CVLT	51.0 ± 10.0
*Koshiyama 2021a*		CVLT-II	Na	Antipsychotic mono- (N = 115) orpolytherapy (N = 18) Drug free (N = 15)	FGA (N = 6) SGA (N = 109)	Na	Anxxiolytics (N = 26) Anticholinergics (N = 45)
		Letter number sequencing	Na
		SAPS	6.7 ± 4
		SANS	16.9 ± 3.8
		GAF	41.1 ± 4.4
*Koshiyama 2021b*		GAF	41.1 ± 4.3	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy (N = 127)	Na	Na	Anxiolytics (N = 25) Anticholinergics (N = 42)
		SANS	16.9 ± 3.8
		SAPS	6.9 ± .41
*Sun 2021*		PANSS		Drug-naïve or drug free (4 wks washout)	/	/	/
		Positive	15.80 ± 2.83
		Negative	14.47 ± 7.65
		General	32.07 ± 6.78
*Yadav 2021*		PANSS	61.66 ± 15.01	Drug free	/	/	No
*Gordillo 2022*		SANS	10.1 ± 5.2	Antipsychotic mono- or polytherapy (N = 106) Drug free (N = 15)	Na	561.1 ± 389.4 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
*Gordillo 2022*		SAPS	8.6 ± 3.2		Na	561.1 ± 389.4 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
*Tagawa 2022*		PANSS	63.8 ± 22.6	Antipsychotic mono-or polytherapy (N = 24) Drug free (N = 5)	Na	451 ± 414.7 chlorpromazine equivalents	Antidepressant (N = 2) Benzodiazepines (N = 13)
*Ibanez-Molina 2023*		Na	/	Antipsychotic monotherapy	SGA	818.18 ± 407.75 chlorpromazine equivalents	Antidepressant, unspecified (N = 1)
*Jacob 2023*		PANSS	65.43 ± 34.06	SGA (N = 39), FGA (N = 4), FGA + SGA (N = 1), untreated (N = 13)	Na	Na	Na
*Yeh 2023*		PANSS	71.57 ± 9.08	Antipsychotic mono-or polytherapy	Na	603.64 ± 359.05 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
		PSP global score	53.13 ± 10.42
		CPT-II
		d’	0.74 ± 0.55
		OM	14.33 ± 26.41
		COM	14.94 ± 9.29
		PER	3.79 ± 6.94
		HRT	467.25 ± 102.64
		HRTSE	9.73 ± 8.11
		VAR	17.23 ± 17.72
		HRTBC	0.01 ± 0.03
		HRTISIC	0.06 ± 0.04
		CTT1	57.11 ± 23.39
		CTT2	104.99 ± 33.96
		WCST non-perseverative error	18.36 ± 18.62
		TOL accuracy	4.04 ± 2.27
		TOL time	235.31 ± 92.13
*Chang 2024*		PANSS		Antipsychotic polytherapy (at least two)	Na	>600 chlorpromazine equivalents	Na
		Total	91.0 ± 12.41
		Positive	25.73 ± 3.03
		Negative	26.07 ± 5.48
		General	39.20 ± 7.48
		Psychotic symptoms rating scale
		Total	53.00 ± 9.52
		Auditory hallucinations	33.07 ± 6.46
		Delusions	19.93 ± 3.84

BACS brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia, BNSS brief negative symptoms scale, CAARMS Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States, COM commission error, CPT-II Connors’ continuous performance test, 2nd edition, CTT color trail test, d’ detection, CVLT-II California verbal learning test II, FGA first generation antipsychotic, GAF global assessment of functioning, HRT hit reaction time, HRTSE HRT standard error, VAR variability, HRTBC HRT block change, HRTISIC HRT interstimulus interval change, K-AVLT Korean auditory verbal learning test, MCCB MATRICS cognitive consensus batter, OM omission error, PANSS positive and negative syndrome scale, PER perseveration, PSP personal and social performance scale, RBANS Repeatable Battery for Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, RSAS revised social anhedonia scale, SANS scale for the assessment of negative symptoms, SAPS scale for the assessment of positive symptoms, SPQ schizotypal personality questionnaire, TEPS temporal experience of pleasure scale, TMT trail-making test, TOL Tower of London, WCST Wisconsin card sorting test, WRAT Wide Range Achievement Test.

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Table 2 Severity of disease, treatment characteristics.

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