Table 3 EEG and MEG methods.
Reference | Recording | Sampling rate | Filtering | Artifact rejection | Epochs | Data normalization | Source location | Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rutter 2009 | MEG, 275 ch, Eyes closed, 4’ | 600 hz | 0.61–150 hz, 60 hz notch | First and last 10” rejected | Na | Constant noise estimate; absolute/relative power use: Na | Synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM); constant noise estimation normalization | SAM Power spectra (source level) |
Venables 2009 | EEG, 27 ch, 3’ eyes open and 3’ eyes closed | 500 hz | 0.05–100 hz, 60 hz notch | Epochs exceeding ± 200 mV, 2 hz high pass, PCA | 4” N = Na | Baseline correction; use of absolute power | Na | Rectified frequency amplitude (sensor level) |
Kikuchi 2011 | EEG, 17 ch, 3’ with eyes closed | 200 hz | 1.5–60 hz | Manual visual inspection | 2.56” N > 15 | averaging over the all epochs; log transformation | Na | Omega complexity and Local Complexity Differentials (sensor level) |
Hanslmayr 2012 | EEG, 61 ch, 4’, eyes open | 500 Hz | 0.1–250 hz, 50 hz notch | Manual visual inspection, ICA | 2” N = 115 | Use of relative power | Dynamic imaging of coherence sources (DICS) | Mean power levels (source level) |
Andreou 2014a | EEG, 64 ch, 5–10’ with eyes closed | 1000 hz | 0.1–70 hz | ICA | 2” N = 198 ± 40.4 | Na; use of relative power | eLORETA | Power envelopes correlates (source and sensor level) |
Andreou 2014b | EEG, 64ch, 5–10’ with eyes closed | 1000 hz | 0.1–70 hz | ICA | 2” N = 212 ± 52.3 | Na; use of relative power | eLORETA | Multivariate interaction measure (source and sensor level) |
Garakh 2014 | EEG, 19 ch, 100” with eyes closed | Na | 70 hz | custom designed multiple-source eye correction method (Novototskii-Vlasov et al., 2007), visual inspection | 10–15” | .spectral power logarithmic Transformation, use of relative power | Na | Mean spectral power (μV2/hz), (sensor level) |
Kam 2014 | EEG, 32 ch, 3’, eyes closed | 1000 hz | High pass 0.5 Hz and 60 hz notch | Exclusion of activity >100 V; algorithm (Gratton 1983) for eye movement and blink removal; ICA | 2.048”; at least 50” of artefact free data | Mean absolute power for each frequency band,logarithmic transformation | Na | Mean absolute power spectra, coherence using BrainVision Analyzer (sensor level) |
Kim 2014 | MEG, 306 ch, 150 s, eyes open | 1001 hz | 0.1–200 hz; notch na | Manual removal based on visual inspection | 2.56” N = na | No; use of absolute power | sLORETA | Absolute current estimates, frequency spectrum, coherence estimates (source level) |
Di Lorenzo 2015 | EEG, 37 ch, 3’ with eyes closed | 1024 hz | 1–100 hz, 60 hz notch | Semiautomatic removal of artifacts, ICA | 2” N = na | Na; use of absolute power | eLORETA using Montreal neurological institute space (MNI) | Spectral time series of centroid voxel for each ROI, eLORETA connectivity algorithm (source level) |
Hirano 2015 | EEG, 71 ch, not specified duration and eyes open/closed conditions | 512 hz | 0.1–100 hz | Exclusion of activity>200 microV and variation >90 microvolt, ICA | 1” N = 139 + 27 | Na, use of absolute power | Single epoch source dipole; BESA | Time-frequency and power spectra analysis using generalized Morse wavelet transform; debiased phase amplitude coupling (source level) |
Mitra 2015 | EEG, 192 ch, 3’, eyes closed | 512 HZ | 0.1–120 hz, 50 hz notch | Visual inspection | 30” | Recomputing with common average reference; use of absolute power | Na | Averaged power spectra (sensor level) |
Tikka 2015 | EEG, 192 ch, 10’ eyes closed | 512 hz | 30–100 hz, 50 hz notch | Visual inspection | Na; at least 60” of clean EEG | Recomputing with common average reference; Log transformation; use of absolute power | Na | Spectral power with Welch periodogram, cross spectral coherence (sensor level) |
Ramyaed 2016 | EEG, 19 ch, 20’ eyes closed | 250 hz | 1 hz, 50 hz notch | Visual inspection + ICA | 2” N = 638 | Na; use of absolute power | eLORETA, statistical nonparametric mapping | Current source density analysis, lagged phase synchronization (source level) |
Umesh 2016 | EEG, 192 ch, 10’ with eyes closed | 512 hz | 0–120 hz | Visual inspection | Na; 60” total recording | Log transformation, application of Fisher Z, use of absolute power | Na | Spectral power and cross-spectral coherence with the Welch averaged periodogram method (sensor level) |
Won 2017 | EEG, 21 ch, 4’, eyes closed | 1000 hz | 1 hz high pass, 60 hz notch | Visual inspection + ICA | 1”, at least 2’ of clean EEG | detrending to remove the DC component; removal of outliers for P < 0.05; use of absolute power | Na | Absolute spectral powers; Cohen synchronization index (sensor level) |
Arikan 2018 | EEG, 19 ch, 3’, with eyes closed | 500 hz | 0.15–70 hz | Visual inspection | Na | Na; use of absolute power | Na | Averaged spectral power (sensor level) |
Baradits 2018 | EEG, 256 ch, 2’ with eyes closed | 512 hz | 0.1–100 hz, 48–52 hz notch | Manual visual inspection + ICA using the ADJUST toolbox | 2” N = na | Log10 transformation; use of absolute power | Na | Absolute power based on the Welch’s method; spectral centroid calculation (sensor level) |
Grent-t’-Jong 2018 | MEG, 248 ch, 5’ with eyes open | 1017.25 hz | 0.5–150 hz, 50 hz notch | Visual inspection + ICA | 1” N = 240 | Data rescaled per trial and channel, use of absolute power | Dynamic imaging of coherence sources (DICS) beamforming | Power spectra (source level) |
Hirano 2018 | EEG, 71 ch, not specified duration and eyes open/closed conditions | 512 hz | Na | ICA with the debiased phase amplitude coupling procedure | 0.5” N = na | Normalization of the dPAC with z scores; use of absolute power | Single epoch waveform for each source dipole using the brain electric source analysis (BESA) | Debiased phase-amplitude coupling measure by von-Driel Morse wavelet (source level) |
Jonak 2018 | EEG, 21 ch, 10’ recording with eyes closed | 512 hz | 0.5–70 hz, 50 hz notch | Visual inspection | 8” N = 25 | Na | Na | Phase lag index, graph analysis with a minimum spanning tree (sensor level) |
Krukow 2018 | EEG, 21 ch, 10’ with eyes closed | 500 hz | 0.5–50 hz, | Visual inspection | 8.19” N = 8 | Na | Na | Phase lag index (sensor level) |
Takahashi 2018 | EEG, 16 ch, 10–15’ with eyes closed | 200 hz | 1.5–60 hz | Visual inspection; elimination of initial and final epochs | 5” N = 12 | Use of relative power | Na | Phase lag index, spectral power, coherence (coherence matrices, Hilbert transform), node degree calculation (sensor level) |
Zeev-Wolf 2018 | MEG, 248 ch, 2’ with open eyes | 1017 hz | 0.1–100 hz | Visual inspection + ICA | 20”, 120 epochs | Na; use of absolute power | Cross-spectral density matrix, construction of a shell brain model | Averaged power spectra (source and sensor level) |
Lottman 2019 | MEG, 148 ch, 5 min with eyes closed | 1000 hz | 0.1–200 hz, Notch filter 60, 120 hz | Visual inspection + ICA | Na | standardizing the Hilbert Data covariance matrices were regularized using a median eigenvalue approach; envelope with a 1/frequency compensation; Absolute power values of envelopes | Linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer | Hilbert envelopes’ values computation; pairwise Pearson’s correlations between RSN time courses (source level) |
Vignapiano 2019 | EEG, 29 ch, 5’ with eyes closed | 512 hz | 0.15–70 Hz | Visual inspection + ICA | 2”, at least 50% of epochs recorded to be included | Na; use of absolute power | Na | Square root of averaged spectral power (sensor level) |
Alamian 2020 | MEG, 275 ch, 5’ with eyes open and 5’ with eyes closed | 1200 hz | 0.1–150 hz; 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 hz notch | Visual inspection + ICA | Na | Na | NeuroPycon pipeline with minimum norm estimates | Detrended fluctuation analysis; support vectoring machine on long range temporal correlations (source level) |
Freche 2020 | EEG, 64 ch, 260 ± 60” with eyes open | 1024 hz | 1–150 hz, 50 hz notch | Visual inspection + ICA; elimination of initial and final epochs | Na 180” total | data normalized using the quartile-based coefficient of variation; use of relative power | Na | Relative power and power spectra density (sensor level) |
Kim 2020 | EEG, 62 ch, 5’ with eyes closed | 1000 hz | 1–100 hz | Visual inspection | 2” N = 30 | Use of relative power | Depth-weighted minimum L2 norm estimator | Current source densities; phase locking values; graph theory based network analysis (source level) |
Krukow 2020 | EEG, 21 ch, 15’ with eyes closed | 250 hz | 0.5–70 Hz, 50 Hz notch | Manual visual inspection | 16” N = 45 | Na, use of absolute power | eLORETA using Montreal neurological institute space (MNI) and statistical nonparametric mapping | Lagged phase synchronization (source level) |
Lee 2020 | EEG, 128 ch, 2–5’, with eyes closed | 1000 hz | 0.5–100 Hz | Manual visual inspection + ICA | 4” N = 25 | Na; use of absolute power | sLORETA | Basic finite impulse filter, modulation index for theta-gamma coupling (source level) |
Soni 2020 | EEG, 128 ch, 5–6’ with eyes closed | 1000 hz | 1–100 hz | Manual visual inspection | 1” N = 20 | Na; use of absolute power | Equivalent current dipole, MNI brain model | Power spectra density, linear coherence analysis (source level) |
Tanaka-Koshiyama 2020 | EEG, 40 ch, 328 s, eyes open | 1000 hz | 0.5–100 Hz | Visual inspection + EEGLAB plugin “clean raw data” + ICA | Na | Na | Equivalent current dipole with fieldtrip function | Grand averaged spectral power (μV2/hz) (sensor level) |
Koshiyama 2021a | EEG, 40 ch, 3 min with eyes open | 1000 hz | 0.5–100 Hz | EEGLAB plugin “clean rew data” including artefact subspace reconstruction | 5” N = Na | Na | Equivalent current dipole, fieldtrip function | Power spectra density using Welch method; phase discontinuity index using wavelet transform data (source level) |
Koshiyama 2021b | EEG, 40 ch, 3 min with eyes open | 1000 hz | 0.5–100 Hz | EEGLAB plugin “clean rew data” including artefact subspace reconstruction | Na | Na | Equivalent current dipole using fieldtrip function | Phase amplitude coupling toolbox for EEG lab, using Hilbert transform (source level) |
Sun 2021 | EEG, 64 ch, 7 min with eyes closed | 500 hz | 0.1–100 hz | Na | Na | Na | Na | Binarized, weighted network analysis evaluating clustering coefficient and path length (sensor level) |
Yadav 2021 | EEG, 192 ch, 10 min with eyes closed | Na | 0.1–120 Hz | Visual inspection | 60” N = Na | Log transformation; use of absolute power | Na | Spectral power with Welch’s averaged periodogram (sensor level) |
Gordillo 2022 | EEG, 64 ch, 5 min with eyes closed | 2048 hz | 0.1–100 hz; 50 hz notch | Visual inspection + ICA | 2” N = 30–40 | Log transformation; use of absolute power | LORETA | Time domain amplitude features, range EEG, Hjorth parameters, spectral amplitude, modulation index, fractal dimension, hurst exponent, detrended fluctuation analysis, life and waiting times, entropy in the time domain, complexity measures, recurrent quantification analysis, microstate parameters, directed transfer function, instantaneous and lagged phase synchronization, network analysis, partial least square correlation (sensor and source level) |
Tagawa 2022 | MEG, 306 ch, 7 min with eyes open | Na | 0.1–400 hz, 50 hz notch | Oversampled temporal projection; signal space separation; ICA | Na | 0–1 rescaling; use of absolute power | Minimum norm estimates | Graph analysis on orthogonalized amplitude envelope correlations parameters: degree centrality, clustering coefficient, global efficiency, local efficiency, small worldness (source level) |
Ibanez-Molina 2023 | EEG, 31 ch, 5 min with eyes closed | 1000 hz | Na | Visual inspection + ICA | Na | Na | Na | Mutual information of multiple rhythm (MIMR): sample entropy and phase amplitude coupling (Hilbert transform) (sensor level) |
Jacob 2023 | EEG, 32 ch, 6 min eyes open | Na | 0.5–100 hz | artifact subtraction, canonical correlation analysis, semi-automatic hearthbeat detection algorithm, ICA | 2” N = Na | Na; use of absolute power | Na | Power spectra, aperiodic power (sensor level) |
Yeh 2023 | EEG, 32 ch, 5 min eyes open and 5 min eyes closed | 4000 hz | 0.5–100 hz | Visual inspection + ICA | 4” N = 25 | Na, use of absolute power | eLORETA | Lagged phase synchronization (source level) |
Chang 2024 | EEG, 64 ch, 4 min eyes open and 4 min eyes closed | 1000 hz | 1–200 hz, 50 hz notch | ICA; exclusion of variations > ±100 µV | 2” N = Na | Na | Na | Weighted Phase lag index with network analysis (node degree, global efficiency, local efficiency, betweenness centrality, clustering coefficient) (sensor level) |
