Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria based on the PICOS framework.
From: Clinical, social, and economic burdens of schizophrenia in Japan: a targeted literature review
Inclusion Criteria | Population: ∙ Patients living with schizophrenia in Japan ∙ Individuals caring for patients with schizophrenia in Japan Intervention & Comparators: ∙ Any schizophrenia intervention (medical treatment, social support, healthcare program, healthcare policy) or observation Outcome Measures: ∙ Epidemiology: prevalence, incidence, comorbidities, complications, mortality, risk factors ∙ Clinical Management: treatment options, treatment of comorbidities, nursing care, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), outcomes/prognosis (including relapse prevention, social functions, daily functions, activities of daily living (ADL), social/personal recovery, participation in society) ∙ Society and Welfare: social welfare services, community medicine, peer supporters, stigma, awareness, healthcare policy, multidisciplinary support/team, employment support, housing support, financial support, accessibility to mental health treatment ∙ Humanistic: health-related quality of life (HRQoL), quality-adjusted life year (QALY), patient-reported outcomes (e.g., cognitive impairment, disability, disease burden, recovery) ∙ Economic: economic burden (direct/indirect costs), productivity impact, quality of life impact Study Type: Journal published studies: ∙ Interventional/empirical studies of healthcare programs ∙ Prospective and retrospective observational studies ∙ Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior (KAB) studies ∙ Patient/caregiver-centric studies (qualitative studies, surveys, mixed methods, etc.) ∙ Economic evaluation studies, economic models ∙ Systematic reviews, meta-analyses ∙ Treatment guidelines ∙ Other reports (think tanks, policy papers) Gray literature: ∙ Reports ∙ White papers ∙ Conference proceedings ∙ Statements and press releases from patient associations, medical associations, pharma, etc ∙ Published government conference materials |
Exclusion Criteria | ∙ Studies not involving patients with schizophrenia or their caregivers ∙ Interventions or observations not related to schizophrenia ∙ Studies that do not provide data on epidemiology, clinical management, society and welfare, humanistic, or economic outcomes ∙ Study design other than described in the inclusion criteria |
