Table 1 Tier for MR evidence of relative macronutrient intake on ADs

From: Systematic genetic investigation on relative macronutrient intake, circulating metabolic biomarkers and the risk of autoimmune diseases

Tier

Exposure

Outcome

Effect

Tier 1

Relative protein intake

Psoriasis

Protective factor

Tier 1

Relative carbohydrate intake

Psoriasis

Risk factor

Tier 2

Relative protein intake

Autoimmune hypothyroidism

Protective factor

Tier 2

Relative fat intake

Crohn’s disease of large intestine

Risk factor

Tier 2

Relative carbohydrate intake

Autoimmune hyperthyroidism

Protective factor

Tier 3

Relative fat intake

Ulcerative colitis

Protective factor

Tier 3

Relative carbohydrate intake

Type 1 diabetes

Risk factor

Tier 3

Relative carbohydrate intake

Sicca symptoms

Protective factor

  1. Tier 1 evidence indicates that the association was significant in the meta-analysis of two biobanks. Tier 2 evidence indicates that the association was significant in one biobank based on IVW method, with all analysis methods showing a consistent effect direction; however, replication analysis was lacking due to data accessibility constraints. Tier 3 evidence indicates that the association was significant in only one biobank and was not significant in either the other biobank or the meta-analysis
  2. AD autoimmune diseases, MR mendelian randomization
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