Table 3 Stepwise regression analysis of Gender Inequality and Economic Inequality for Academic Achievement (overall)

From: Gender Inequality is negatively associated with academic achievement for both boys and girls

For the 2012 PISA (N = 49)

Model 1

B

SE

β

t

P

GDP per capita

<0.001

<0.001

0.31

2.53

0.015

Gini coefficient

−315.37

77.28

−0.49

−4.08

<0.001

R2

0.46

ΔR2

0.44

Model 2

GDP per capita

<0.001

<0.001

0.02

0.13

0.900

Gini coefficient

−9.92

94.35

−0.02

−0.11

0.915

GII

−273.09

58.83

−0.77

−4.64

<0.001

R2

0.64

ΔR2

0.61

For the 2015 PISA (N = 50)

Model 1

B

SE

β

t

P

GDP per capita

<0.001

<0.001

0.47

4.54

<0.001

Gini coefficient

−307.33

72.27

−0.44

−4.25

<0.001

R2

0.58

ΔR2

0.56

model2

GDP per capita

<0.001

<0.001

0.10

1.09

0.281

Gini coefficient

−21.73

69.17

−0.03

−0.32

0.755

GII

−284.94

44.32

−0.79

−6.43

<0.001

R2

0.78

ΔR2

0.77

For the 2018 PISA (N = 59)

model1

B

SE

β

t

P

GDP per capita

<0.001

<0.001

0.48

5.15

<0.001

Gini coefficient

−303.16

62.40

−0.45

−4.86

<0.001

R2

0.56

ΔR2

0.55

model2

GDP per capita

<0.001

<0.001

0.14

1.39

0.169

Gini coefficient

−58.80

68.68

−0.09

−0.86

0.396

GII

−251.57

47.21

−0.69

−5.32

<0.001

R2

0.71

ΔR2

0.70

  1. Note: Model 1 includes predictors for GDP per capita and the Gini coefficient, while Model 2 includes predictors for GDP per capita, the Gini coefficient, and the gender inequality index.
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