Fig. 1: Illustration of experimental procedure in Experiment 1.

a Trial sequence in the training session. The task was to report the orientation of the bar inside a red or yellow singleton. A correct response was followed by a high (+¥10) or low reward (+¥1), depending on the pre-specified color-reward associations. The stimuli array comprised a color-singleton target presented among dissimilar (Experiment 1a) and similar (Experiment 1b) distractors, respectively. b Trial sequence in the test session. Participants were asked to find a uniquely-oriented bar (horizontal or vertical) inside a colored circle. No reward feedback was provided. The color of the singleton distractor matched reward in either feature value (feature-match condition) or feature relationship (relation-match condition). The dashed box indicates the target location (not shown in actual displays).