Fig. 3: The tumor dynamic evolution (left) and short-term efficacy (right) of benchmark virtual patients generated by the QCIC model.

Treatment response is evaluated based on RECIST V.1.1 in the placebo group (a), TAS-102 group (b), and TAS-102+bevacizumab group (c). Tumor volume changes were recorded every two treatment cycles (every eight weeks), consistent with medical imaging used to assess disease progression. In spider plots on the left, each thin line represents an individual virtual patient, while the thick line represents the average performance across the cohort. Red indicates PD patients, yellow indicates SD patients, and blue indicates CR/PR patients. In the waterfall plots on the right, each bar represents tumor volume change relative to the baseline for a virtual patient during the first imaging examination (eighth week). The left side of the blue dashed line represents the PD patient population, while the right side represents the DCR patient population.