Fig. 1: Proteomic analysis of PLWH.

A Inflammatory profiles by Olink. Quantification of pro-inflammatory molecules in plasma from HD or PLWH after vaccination (n = 9 and n = 11, respectively), after VOC BTI (n = 20 and n = 10, respectively), or from hospitalized acute severe COVID-19 (n = 11), and sepsis patients (n = 16). NPX (normalized protein expression) values were scaled for each marker. The patient group and disease are indicated by the bar chart on the top. B Specific inflammatory signature of PLWH. Visualization by PCA of the inflammatory profile from vaccinated HD, PLWH, and BTI or unvaccinated severe COVID patients. The patient group is denoted by symbols beneath the graph, and their distribution is outlined by ellipses generated automatically. C Characteristics of the inflammatory signature in PLWH. Visualization by volcano plots of the significant inflammatory molecules detected in vaccinated HD and PLWH before and after BTI, determined by positive serology for anti-nucleocapsid IgG. Significance levels from the Mann–Whitney test are indicated: * for p < 0.05 and ** for p < 0.01. The number of proteins and false discovery rate are indicated for each pathway. See also Supplementary Fig. 1.