Fig. 5: Chlorine concentrations with ST-GPINN calculated, compared with EPANET in junction 2 in Network A.

Compares the ST-GPINN model’s chlorine concentration predictions with EPANET results at junction 2 over 24 h in network A, showing high accuracy and robustness in tracking temporal water quality dynamics using spatial discretization (100 ft) and a 300 s time step.