Table 2 General summary of four catalytic processes
From: Fundamentals and environmental applications of bismuth vanadate through photoelectrocatalysis
Heterogenous Catalysis | Electrocatalysis | Photocatalysis | Photoelectrocatalysis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | Catalysis | Electrode (metal, alloys, metal oxides, mixtures) | Photocatalysis (metal organic frameworks (MOFs), semiconductors, organic compounds) | Semiconductor photoelectrode (MOFs, perovskites, metallic oxides, salts) |
Potential/Current | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Light | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Reaction type | ∆G < 0 | ∆G > 0 ∆G < 0 | ∆G < 0 (Photocatalysis) ∆G > 0 (Photosynthesis) | ∆G < 0 (No bias required) ∆G > 0 (Bias required) |
Advantage | • Reduced reaction time • Relatively simple setup | • Reduced reaction time • High reaction control • Dual use of both compartments • Formation of new products • Relatively simple setup | • Reduced reaction time • Low energetic cost • Formation of new products • Simple setup | • Reduced reaction time • Low energy cost • Formation of new products • Reduced recombination of \({{\rm{e}}}_{{\rm{CB}}}^{-}\)/\({{\rm{h}}}_{{\rm{VB}}}^{+}\) pairs • Easy material recovery • Relatively low semiconductor usage (thin-solid film). • Both compartments can be utilized |
Disadvantage | • Low yields • Catalyst passivation • Limited applicability | • High energy cost • Electrode fabrication • Electrode passivation • Limited applicability | • Low yields • Recovery of the photocatalyst • Higher recombination of \({{\rm{e}}}_{{\rm{CB}}}^{-}\)/\({{\rm{h}}}_{{\rm{VB}}}^{+}\) pairs • Material passivation • Limited applicability | • Complex setup • Photoelectrode fabrication • Reactor assembly-dependent reproducibility • Photoelectrode passivation |
