Table 5 Degradation of pollutants using BiVO₄-based photoanodes in photoelectrocatalysis

FTO/BiVO₄/g-C₃N₄

Dye

Methyl orange (5 mg L^-1)

~90%

75 min; +1.23 V (vs. RHE); Xe lamp 300 W; 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ buffered with 1 M Na₂SO₃

¹⁷⁴

FTO/Bi₂S₃/BiVO₄/TiO₂

Dye

Rhodamine B (10 mg L⁻¹)

64%

150 min; Xe lamp 100 mW cm⁻²

¹³³

FTO/BiVO₄/Co₃O₄

Phenolic derivative

Bisphenol A (5 mg L⁻¹)

96%

120 min; Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm) with UV filter; 0.05 M Na₂SO₄ and PMS at pH = 7.06

¹³⁶

FTO/BiVO₄

Phenolic derivative

Bisphenol A (10 mg L⁻¹)

2,4-Dichlorophenol (0.1 mmol L⁻¹)

p-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.1 mM)Phenol (0.1 mmol L⁻¹)

p-Nitrophenol (0.1 mmol L⁻¹)

Nitrobenzene (0.1 mmol L⁻¹)

100%

>80%

>80%

>80%

>80%

>80%

120 min; 0.25 V (vs. SCE); Xenon lamp 300 W (λ > 420 nm); 50 mM NaClO₄ (5 mM KHSO₅)

⁵¹

FTO/TiO₂/BiVO₄/PI

Phenolic derivative

Bisphenol A (5 mg L⁻¹)

Bisphenol B (5 mg L⁻¹)

Bisphenol AP (5 mg L⁻¹)

Bisphenol F (5 mg L⁻¹)

Bisphenol AF (5 mg L⁻¹)

Bisphenol S (5 mg L⁻¹)

~94%

~93%

~86%

~76%

~70%

~39%

120 min; +1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl); Xe lamp 300 W 200 mW cm⁻² (λ > 400 nm); Na₂SO₄

²⁰¹

FTO/BiVO₄/NH₂-MIL-125(Ti)

Phenolic derivative

Phenol (5 mg L⁻¹)

~97%

150 min; +2 V bias potential; Xe lamp 300 W (λ > 420 nm); 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ at pH = 3

⁹⁷

FTO/BiVO₄/BiOI

Phenolic derivative

β-naphthol (10 mg L⁻¹)

~82%

8 h; +2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl); Xe lamp 300 W (λ > 420 nm); 0.1 M Na₂SO₄

¹⁷²

FTO/BiVO₄/BiOI

FTO/BiVO₄

Pharmaceutical

Acetaminophen (40 μg L⁻¹)

87%

66%

120 min; +1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl); Xe lamp 60 W·m^-2 (400 nm > λ > 300 nm), 0.1 M Na₂SO₄

²⁶²

BDD/BiVO₄

Pharmaceutical

Tetracycline (20 mg L⁻¹)

45%

10 min; +1.0 V (vs. RHE); AM 1.5 irradiation 100 mW cm^-2_; 0.1 M Na₂SO₄

¹⁴³

FTO/Mo-Ca-Mo-BiVO₄

Pharmaceutical

Pharmaceutical

Pharmaceutical

Salicylic acid (30 µmol L⁻¹)

Tetracycline (23 mg L⁻¹)

Ciprofloxacin (14 mg L⁻¹)

-

-

-

80 min; +1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl); Xe lamp 300 W 90 mW cm⁻² (λ > 400 nm); 0.1 M NaHCO₃ at pH = 3

²⁶³

FTO/BiVO₄/BiFeO₃

Pharmaceutical

Ciprofloxacin (5 mg L⁻¹)

80%

4 h; +2 V bias potential; Xe lamp 100 W; 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ at pH = 6.8

¹⁸⁵

FTO/Co₃Se₄/BiVO₄

Pharmaceutical

Sulfamethoxazole (10 mg L⁻¹)

75%

120 min; +1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl); Xe lamp 100 W; 0.1 M Na₂SO₄ at pH = 6.2

¹⁷³

FTO/Ag-BiVO₄/BiOI

Pharmaceutical

Diclofenac sodium (10 mg L⁻¹)

92%

120 min; +1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl); Xe lamp 100 W; 0.1 M Na₂SO₄

²¹⁵

FTO/WO₃/BiVO₄

Pharmaceutical

Ibuprofen (100 mg L⁻¹)

~97%

120 min; +1.15 V (vs. RHE); solar simulator 320 W (350 – 1800 nm); 0.5 M NaCl

²¹⁸

FTO/ZnO/BiVO₄

Pharmaceutical

Tetracycline (20 mg L⁻¹)

~85%

60 min; +1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl); Xe lamp 300 W (λ > 420 nm); 0.1 M Na₂SO₄

²⁰⁰

FTO/WO₃/BiVO₄

Surfactant

BAC-C12 (50 µg mL⁻¹)

S2NS (50 µg mL⁻¹)

100%

100%

~125 min; +1.75 V (vs. RHE); solar simulator 320 W 350−1800 nm; 1 M NaCl

²⁶⁴