Fig. 1: Tripartite phage-mediated regulation strategies for nitrite bottleneck control. | npj Clean Water

Fig. 1: Tripartite phage-mediated regulation strategies for nitrite bottleneck control.

From: The nitrite bottleneck revisited: exploring the potential of phage-mediated microbial regulation for advancing novel nitrogen removal strategies

Fig. 1: Tripartite phage-mediated regulation strategies for nitrite bottleneck control.

Proposed phage interventions: a Lytic phages execute targeted NOB lysis via “Kill-the-Winner” dynamics; b Temperate phages employ “Piggyback the Winner” (PtW) strategy-prioritizing infection of dominant AOB/anammox populations-to form lysogens (integrated phage genomes in host cells), which transfer auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) to enhance their nitrite utilization and metabolic flexibility; c Viral shunt redistributes nutrients from lysed cells to functional bacteria, rewiring ecosystem nutrient flux. Adapted with modifications from Freepik.

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