Fig. 3: Integrated framework for phage-based NOB control in PN/A systems: Engineering, implementation, and biosafety. | npj Clean Water

Fig. 3: Integrated framework for phage-based NOB control in PN/A systems: Engineering, implementation, and biosafety.

From: The nitrite bottleneck revisited: exploring the potential of phage-mediated microbial regulation for advancing novel nitrogen removal strategies

Fig. 3: Integrated framework for phage-based NOB control in PN/A systems: Engineering, implementation, and biosafety.

Phage-based strategies for NOB control in PN/A systems (contextualized with implementation & biosafety considerations) a Phage AMGs Regulate Nitrogen Metabolism: Phages deliver auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) to modulate key nitrogen transformation steps (e.g., NH₄⁺-NO₂⁻-N₂ conversion), aligning with efforts to reshape microbial nitrogen pathways in phage-mediated metabolic regulation; b Biofilm Phage Lysis: Challenges & Process Synergy: Phages target biofilm-forming bacteria (mitigating antibiotic resistance gene dissemination, a biosafety concern) and exert host-specific NOB inhibition under conditions (35°C, SRT 15 d) matching PN/A operational stability windows; c Synbio Phage Engineering via Metagenomics & CRISPR: Phage genomes from samples are characterized by viral metagenomics (to screen safe chassis) then edited via CRISPR/Cas (e.g., tail fiber modification, a strategy against NOB resistance) to construct functional engineered phages.

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