Extended Data Fig. 5: Local deformation to damage and flow measurement.

a, During perfusion (average flow, 90 mL/min), the BCC model exhibited notable local deformation without the constraint imposed by the biomimetic tunica albuginea. As a result, the BCC model suffers from local damage (scale bar: 9 mm). b, The outflow rate changes over time during in vitro erection perfusion in the BCC model wrapped with biomimetic tunica albuginea. The decrease in outlet flow caused by vein occlusion can be clearly observed. The blue shaded area indicates the venous occlusion state during BCC perfusion erection. c, Inflow rate of the ED model under high and low perfusion flow rates.