Extended Data Fig. 1: The mechanical tensile properties and 3D printing results of the hydrogels prepared in this study.

a, The stress‒strain curve of the hydrogel. b-c, Ashby chart of the mechanical properties for various 3D-printed hydrogels, tensile strength versus Young’s modulus (b) and elongation at break versus Young’s modulus (c). Hydrogels include the hydrogel prepared in this work (red area), gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)35, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)36, glycidyl methacrylated silk fibroin (Sil-GMA)37, glycidyl methacrylated poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVAGMA)38, polyacrylamide (PAAm)/Alginate39, methacrylate-modified alginate (AlgMA)/GelMA40, and polyacrylic acid (PAA)/PEGDA41. d, Various 3D printing models of the hydrogel, including a fox (i), axial vessel and helix (ii) and a Hilbert microchannel (iii).