Extended Data Fig. 1: SpinEx operation steps.

1 A whole-blood (150 µL) sample is loaded. 2 Plasma is separated from the whole blood. 3 Plasma is transferred to an on-disc chromatography column, and an elution buffer is introduced. 4 A dense oil pushes the enriched EVs toward the inner side for further processing. 5 EVs are transferred to an assay chamber containing polystyrene beads. EVs bind to the bead surface via physisorption. 6 EV-bead complexes are washed by introducing a buffer. 7 TFP-biotin reagent is introduced to the assay chamber, and EVs are biotinylated. TFP, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl. 8 Excess biotinylation reagent is removed via washing. 9 A block solution (10% Superblock) is introduced to the assay chamber. 10 The blocking solution is removed with another washing step. 11 EV-bead complexes are dispensed into eight labeling compartments, each containing a primary antibody (1° Ab) against a target protein. 12 Dye-conjugated streptavidin and secondary antibody (2° Ab) are introduced to the compartments. The labelled EV-bead complexes are ready for fluorescent measurements (for example, microscopy, flow cytometry).