Fig. 5: Demonstrations of use in various areas of organoid research.
a, Longitudinal monitoring of neural organoids shows stable tracking of single neural units with days after organoid insertion. Scale bars, 1 ms (horizontal) and 20 μV (vertical). b, Response of neural organoids, as recorded from n = 96 individual channels of integrated 3D interface, from exposure to 4-AP, lidocaine and TTX, measured as heatmaps of firing rates to highlight changes in activity before and after the application of these drugs. Two-sided t-tests on average firing rates indicate that the changes are statistically significant with ***P = 1.57 × 10−7 for 4-AP, ***P = 1.18 × 10−7 for lidocaine and **P = 2.01 × 10−3 for TTX. c, A schematic illustration of localized optogenetic stimulation with a position-tunable fibre laser. d, Monte Carlo simulations of the intensity distribution for local illumination of four microelectrodes. e, A raster plot of the responses of the exposed microelectrodes and several unexposed neighbouring microelectrodes, showing phase-locked responses only in the former. f, A schematic illustration of the effect of the elimination of neural transmitters by exposure to BTX. g, A raster plot of the responses at representative channels before and after exposure to BTX, consistent with the abolishment of oscillatory synchronous neural activities. h, A schematic illustration of the enhancement of neural transmission due to exposure to glutamate. i, Heatmaps of firing rates of an integrated organoid before and after dosing of glutamate show extreme neuronal excitatory effects. j, Longitudinal monitoring of n = 96 individual channels from an integrated 3D interface reveals an increase followed by a decrease of average firing rate within 5 days after exposure to glutamate. The data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. for b and j. Panels created in BioRender: f and h, Wu, M. (2025) https://BioRender.com/8wd9f21.
