Extended Data Fig. 4: Characterizing GINS organoid cells with scRNA-seq.

a, Top UMAP, cells sampled from hGSC cultures (blue, n = 1, donor #6) or GINS organoids (red, n = 1, donor #6); middle UMAP, hGSC cultures included both stem cells (stem) and mucus-secreting cells (mucus) spontaneously differentiated from hGSCs. GINS organoids contained four endocrine cell types. Cells are colored according to cell types; bottom UMAP, relative expression of cell type-specific markers. b, Relative expression of endocrine cell type-specific markers. The shading displays scaled average gene expression, and diameter denotes fractional expression. c, Comparison of GINS β-like cells (n = 2 independent batch of organoids, one representative batch shown, donor #6) and islet β-cells (n = 4 independent donors, an integration of all samples) in expression profiles of key genes for β-cell function, identity, metabolism, and exocytosis. MODY: Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young. d, Relative expression of disallowed genes in the indicated cell types (n = 1, donor #6). e, Violin plots showing the expression levels of proliferative markers in the indicated cell types (n = 1, donor #6).