Extended Data Fig. 1: Derivation, characterization and multipotency assessment of ldNSCs.

a,b, Morphology and immunofluorescence microscopy images of embryonic limb cells (a) and adult lung cells (b) cultured in NSC medium. c, ellNSCs and allNSCs, control NSCs and ESCs were injected into SCID mice. Only ESCs, but not ellNSCs, allNSCs and control NSCs, formed teratomas 4 weeks after injection. d,e, Expression levels of somatic (d) and pluripotency genes (e) in different samples. All data are calibrated to brain NSCs, whose expression is considered to be 1 for all genes. The data represent means ± s.d. (n = 3 biological replicates). f, Pairwise scatter plots of the global gene expression microarray profiles of ellNSCs and allNSCs versus control NSCs and fibroblasts. The bar to the right indicates the scattering density; the higher the scattering density, the darker the blue colour. Gene expression levels are depicted in log₂ scale. The number of differentially expressed genes is indicated on top of each scatter plot. n = 2 biological replicates, the depicted results are an integration of data derived from all different biboloical samples. g, RT-qPCR analysis of indicated markers in spontaneous differentiated cells. All data are calibrated to brain NSCs, whose expression is considered to be 1 for all genes. The data represent means ± s.d. (n = 3 biological replicates). h, I-V curves of inward (left) and outward (right) components of transmembrane currents in ldNSCs (open grey circles, n = 25) and control NSCs (solid black squares, n = 15) derived neurons. The data represent means ± SEM. i, Karyotypic analysis of allNSCs. j, allNSCs and control NSCs were labelled with mCherry. Data represent 3 biological replicates. k-m, The in vivo differentiation potential of transplanted control NSCs and allNSCs were determined by immunostaining for mCherry and cell fate specific markers. Differentiating mCherry⁺/NeuN⁺ neurons (k), mCherry⁺/GFAP⁺/ S100B⁺ astrocytes (l), and mCherry⁺/Olig2⁺/ S100B⁺ oligodendrocytes (m) were observed. Data represent 3 biological replicates. Scale bar, 10 μm.