Extended Data Fig. 1: Dependence of the titration behavior on nanoparticle size.

Differently sized TMA-functionalized Au NPs (4.8 nm, 8.8 nm, and 13.1 nm) at the same overall concentration of TMA in solution were titrated with the same solution of EDTA3– (the NPs were prepared analogously to those described in the Methods section). a, Left: Change in the position of Au·TMA’s SPR peak as a function of amount of EDTA3– added. In all cases, the amount of NP-adsorbed TMA was 20 nmol. The dashed red line denotes the point of electroneutrality (6.7 nmol of triply charged EDTA). Right: Relative dimensions of Au·TMA used in titration experiments. b, Normalized position of Au·TMA’s SPR peak as a function of amount of EDTA3– added (replotted from a). The normalized data show that the titration profiles are nearly the same irrespective of the NP size, indicating that the interparticle interactions are governed predominantly by electrostatics. The dashed red line denotes the point of electroneutrality (6.7 nmol of triply charged EDTA).