Extended Data Fig. 2: Representative SEM images of colloidal crystals co-assembled from TMA-functionalized Au NPs and various multiply charged anions.

The following anions were used: a–c, EDTA3–; d–j, citrate3–; k, l, pyrophosphate4–; m–s, triphosphate5–; t, u, trimetaphosphate3–; v, w, hexametaphosphate6–; x–z, ATP4–. The size of the NPs was 4.7 nm (panels n–r), 7.4 nm (panels a–f, j–m, and s–z), and 11.4 nm (panels g–i). In all cases, the counterion was Na+.