Extended Data Fig. 2: Source-specific water demand for major countries under a 4 °C warming scenario.

GTAP region-level surface-water demand met by different water sources under the +4 °C warming scenario. Monthly runoff from snowmelt runoff, rainfall runoff, and alternative water demand for (a) China, (b) U.S., (c) Pakistan, and (d) India are shown in stacked bars inside the box, where the shaded red, blue and grey bars denote the corresponding contributions from rainfall, snowmelt, and alternative surface-water sources (that is, reservoirs storage and interbasin transfer), respectively.