Extended Data Fig. 10: Environmental responses during the identified strong El Niño and La Niña events.
From: Contrasting biological production trends over land and ocean
a, c, El Niño. b, d, La Niña. In a and b, land temperature represents the multi-year mean air temperature (TA), while ocean temperature refers to the multi-year mean sea surface temperature (SST) during the identified ENSO years. In c and d, land is represented by multi-year mean precipitation (PRE), and ocean is represented by multi-year mean mixed layer depth (MLD) during the identified ENSO years. All data are normalized as Z-scores, calculated by dividing annual anomalies by the multi-year standard deviation (2003–2021).
