Extended Data Fig. 1: The historical demography of the three species inferred by pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC).
From: Hybridization mitigates climate change risk in mountainous birds
Following their divergence (Tdiv) approximately 216-221 thousand years ago, fratercula exhibited an initial population decline, hueti maintained a relatively stable population sizes, and davidi underwent continuous population growth. Notably, all species experienced synchronous population expansions beginning approximately 47 kya, a period that coincides with the estimated onset of interspecific gene flow (Tmig). However, all species decreased their effective population sizes (Ne) following the last glacial maximum (LGM).
