Fig. 5: Decomposition of factors affecting battery lifetime.

a, Old and new battery cell temperatures across cold, medium and hot cities under historical and future warming levels. Box plots show distributions across global cities. Dashed brown lines indicate median temperature under historical climate for comparison with future warming levels. Classification of cities by current climate is given in ref. ³⁴ (detailed in Supplementary Table 1). b, Old and new battery cycling, quantified as FECs, across cold, medium and hot cities under historical and future warming levels. Box plots show distributions across cities. Dashed brown lines indicate median FECs under historical climate for comparison with future warming levels. In a and b, the bar consists of cities in each climate zone out of 300 total cities. Box plots show the median (centre line), 25th and 75th percentiles (box limits), whiskers extending to the minimum and maximum values within 1.5 × IQR and points beyond whiskers as outliers. c,d, Waterfall charts comparing the effects of cycling and cell temperature (T_Cell) on battery life with 2 °C warming for old (c) and new (d) batteries. Purple bars show changes in lifetime due to changes in cycling (FECs) under future climates relative to historic. Blue bars show changes in lifetime due to combined changes in cycling and cell temperatures. Green bars (second bar in each subplot) show changes in lifetime due to changes in cell temperatures from historical to future climate, calculated as the difference between the blue and purple bars. In c and d, values of bars represent the mean across cities in each climate zone out of 300 total cities.