Fig. 3: Total (direct and indirect) effects from path analysis of elevation and temperature variables on speciation rates for uplifted and eroded cells.
From: Global topographic uplift has elevated speciation in mammals and birds over the last 3 million years
a–f, Effects on speciation rates for uplifted (a,c,e; n = 3,780) and eroded (b,d,f; n = 10,884) cells in mammals and birds. Effects were estimated for separate predictors of both change and present-day values in each of elevation and temperature (a,b); all predictors related to elevation and temperature (c,d); and all predictors related to historical changes and present-day values of a variable (e,f). Values are standardized effect sizes and are only shown where they cause at least a 5% change in a response for each standard deviation change in the corresponding predictor. T, temperature. Speciation rate was estimated as in Fig. 2.
