Fig. 4: Total (summed direct and indirect) effects from path analysis of elevation and temperature variables on grid-based speciation rates in mammals and birds.
From: Global topographic uplift has elevated speciation in mammals and birds over the last 3 million years
a–c, Effects were calculated for the four predictors in Fig. 2 (a); all predictors related to elevation and to temperature (b); and all predictors related to historical changes and present-day values of a variable (c). T, temperature. Speciation rate was estimated as in Fig. 2 and effect sizes are shown only where they change responses by at least 5% as in Fig. 3.
