Extended Data Fig. 1: Experimental designs and sample sizes for experiments 1 and 2.

For both experiments, tadpoles were reared from pairs of adult frogs in the laboratory and divided into colonized (C) and depleted (D) water treatments at Gosner stage (GS) 25. For experiment 1, green frog tadpoles and pond water from Louisiana (LA, USA) were used and for experiment 2, green frog tadpoles and pond water from Pennsylvania (PA, USA) were used. Images created with BioRender.com.