Extended Data Fig. 6: Random sample of a chaotic and non-chaotic time series from each taxonomic group from the GPDD dataset.

Top to bottom: birds, bony fishes, insects, mammals, phytoplankton, zooplankton. Left panels were classified as chaotic using the Jacobian method, right panels as not chaotic. The number in parentheses is the database ID (MainID). Beyond illustrating the data, these plots corroborate the well-known fact that chaotic and non-chaotic series cannot be reliably differentiated by visual inspection3.