Extended Data Fig. 1: Classification error rates for each chaos detection method, marginalized by time series length and noise level.

Results for the test dataset and validation dataset #1 are shown. DLE = direct Lyapunov exponent, JLE = Jacobian-based Lyapunov exponent, RQA = recurrence quantification analysis, PE = permutation entropy, HVG = horizontal visibility graphs, CDT = chaos decision tree.