Extended Data Fig. 4: Probability of chaotic dynamics by location.

(a) Number of time series per location for the 57 different locations in the GPDD dataset. (b) Probability that a location is chaotic, given the observed proportion of chaotic series using the Jacobian method and total error rates for the Jacobian method in the simulated datasets. These results assume that a location represents a single well-mixed ecosystem where species interact of similar timescales, which is not necessarily true. These results should also be interpreted with caution as the error rates depend the particular suite of simulations used, and it is impossible to know whether this suite is a good reflection of ecological reality. Colour indicates taxonomic group(s) from each location.