Extended Data Fig. 1: The relative importance of forest integrity, structural condition, the human footprint or pressure, and forest cover on the odds of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians being threatened and having declining population trends (for sample sizes, see Supplementary Table 1a).

Structural condition and human pressures considered together (that is, FSII) tended to be associated with lower odds of species extinction risk and declining population trends than either structural condition or human pressures individually. Point estimates represent median standardized odds ratios of species being threatened (circles) or having a declining population (squares), generated by exponentiating standardized coefficients (log odds) of 100 phylogenetic logistic regressions (Supplementary Table 3). The vertical dotted line represents an odds ratio of 1, denoting statistical non-significance. Error bars represent median 95% confidence intervals generated with 2,000 parametric bootstraps in each regression. Each regression was performed with one phylogenetic tree randomly drawn from 10,000 available trees for each taxonomic group. Separate models were parameterized for rainforest-obligate and rainforest-associated species for each response variable. Illustration credits: Steven Traver, Ferran Sayol, Birgit Szabo, and Jose Carlos Arenas-Monroy.