Extended Data Fig. 4: Original and reclassified SCI and FSII datasets.

(a) The original SCI and FSII raster datasets from Hansen et al. 2019, 2020 and used in the main analyses presented here. The tropics lie between 23.5° N and 23.5° S latitudes (indicated by the dotted lines) but the tropical rainforest or humid tropical biome extends into the subtropics in some areas. (b) A reclassified SCI raster generated by simulating a + 20% error in canopy cover and height derived from multispectral satellite imagery (left). This +20% error reduced the number of pixels classified as high SCI (values 14–18), effectively simulating underestimates of canopy cover and height. (c) A reclassified SCI raster simulating a -20% error in canopy cover and height measurements (left). This -20% error increased the number of high SCI pixels, effectively simulating overestimates of canopy cover and height. See Supplementary Table 7 for original and reclassified thresholds of canopy cover and height. As with the original SCI, the Human Footprint was overlaid on both simulated SCI rasters to generate corresponding FSII rasters incorporating the assumed ±20% errors (b, c: right). All raster data were resampled from the original 30 m pixel resolution to 1 km (Methods). See Fig. 1 for model results estimated with the original datasets in Extended Data Fig. 4a, and Extended Data Figs. 5a, b for results estimated with the simulated datasets in Extended Data Figs. 4b, c.