Extended Data Fig. 6: The multiple drivers of the most prioritized ecosystem services in grasslands by local stakeholders: aesthetic value, biodiversity conservation, fodder production, carbon sequestration.

Total standardized effects were calculated based on the results of structural equation models (considering both direct and indirect effects of the predictors) for each predictor: environmental factors, plot-level (50 m × 50 m) plant diversity, field-level (75 m radius from the plot centre) plant diversity, field-level (75 m radius from the plot centre) land use, and landscape-level (1,000 m radius from the plot centre) land use. Models were fitted to four ecosystem service supply variables: aesthetic value (that is acoustic diversity and total flower cover, n = 129 independent samples), fodder production (that is shoot biomass and forage quality, n = 150 independent samples), biodiversity conservation (that is birdwatching potential, n = 150 independent samples) and carbon sequestration (that is soil carbon stocks, n = 146 independent samples). The total standardized effects correspond to the sum of standardized direct effects (that is individual paths) and indirect effects (that is the multiplied paths). For each ecosystem service supply variable, total standardized effects of the different predictors are ordered from the highest positive effect to the lowest negative effect. All predictors were scaled to allow interpretation of parameter estimates on a comparable scale. Plot-level and landscape-level predictors were log-transformed.